Anatomy & Physiology I Unit Three

1. Anatomy & Physiology I Unit Three

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3. Fluid Mosaic Model of the Plasma Membrane

4. Fluid Mosaic Model of the Plasma Membrane

5. Fluid Mosaic Model of the Plasma Membrane

6. Fluid Mosaic Model of the Plasma Membrane

7. Fluid Mosaic Model of the Plasma Membrane

8. Passive Transport Does not require energy from the cell Substances move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration Substances can move in both directions, depending on the concentration gradient

9. Examples of Passive Transport Diffusion – the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration Facilitated diffusion – same as above, but with the help of membrane proteins Osmosis – the diffusion of water

10. Active Transport Does require energy from the cell Substances move from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration Substances can move in only one direction, against the concentration gradient

11. Active Transport Example Sodium/Potassium pump – a membrane protein that moves sodium out, while moving potassium in

12. Active Transport

13. Membrane Transport

14. Filtration

15. Bulk Transport Endocytosis * Phagocytosis * Pinocytosis

16. Bulk Transport Exocytosis

17. Osmosis Solute – substance that is dissolved in a medium (solvent) Solvent – substance (usually liquid) that dissolves a solute Solution – mixture of solutes dissolved in a solvent Osmotic pressure is created by the movement of water toward a higher solute concentration

18. Osmosis Diffusion Semipermeable membrane Osmosis

19. Osmosis

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21. Plant Cell Osmosis Turgor

22. Osmosis Therefore, the higher the solute concentration, the higher the osmotic pressure Many body systems create high solute concentrations so as to produce higher osmotic pressure

23. Osmosis Edema – the excess collection of extracellular fluids due to high solute concentration Dehydration – the loss of extracellular fluids due to various causes

24. Electrolyte Functions • The functions of electrolytes are varied and important: • + chemically reactive and • participate in metabolism • + determine charge difference • across cell membranes

25. Electrolyte Functions • The functions of electrolytes are varied and important: • + powerfully affect the • osmolarity of body fluids and • the body’s water content and • distribution + form essential minerals + regulate acid/base balance

26. Electrolyte Concentrations Extracellular fluids (ECF) are fluids of the body found outside the cells Intracellular fluids (ICF) are fluids of the body found inside the cells (cytoplasm)

27. Electrolyte Concentrations HPO43- (Lo) Na+ (145mEq/L) Ca2+ (Hi) Mg2+ (Lo) K+ (4mEq/L) K+ (150mEq/L) Mg2+ (Hi) Na+ (12mEq/L) Ca2+ (Lo) HPO43- (Hi)

28. Electrolyte Concentrations Cl- (103mEq/L) OH- HCO3-(Hi) H+ HCO3- (Lo) H+ Cl- (4mEq/L) OH-

29. ICF vs. ECF ICF 65% of body fluids ECF Major electrolytes K+ Mg2+ HPO43- 35% of body fluids Major electrolytes Na+ Ca2+ Cl-

30. ICF vs. ECF 10L 26L Interstitial Fluids 3.2L Blood Plasma Lymph 0.8L Other 40L total body fluid

31. Movement of Water Fluids are constantly exchanged between these compartments Osmosis occurs across capillary walls and plasma membranes

32. Movement of Water The movement of the water from one compartment to the other is determined by solute concentrations

33. Movement of Water

34. Introducing Fluids in the Body As has been established, body cells must maintained in isotonic conditions On an average the solute concentration of body cells is 300mosm

35. Introducing Fluids in the Body This means on an average, the ECF osmolarity would also be 300mosm There are exceptions to both ICF and ECF osmolarities

36. Introducing Fluids in the Body Since a loss of fluids also means a loss of electrolytes, fluid replacement therapy (IVs) may be necessary to restore homeostatic concentrations and volumes

37. Introducing Fluids in the Body Fluids introduced to the body must therefore have the same osmolarity > 0.9% normal saline (NS) or physiological saline (PSS) > D5W (dextrose 5% in water) (5% glucose) > Ringer’s lactate solution

38. Fluid Balance Balance of body fluids means that fluid intake should equal fluid output In addition, the fluid gained or lost must be added to or taken from the right compartment (ICF or ECF)

39. Fluid Balance

40. Fluid Balance As has been seen, electrolyte concentrations in the different compartments must also be stringently maintained Electrolytes attract water through osmosis, therefore a loss of fluids results in the loss of electrolytes

41. Fluid & Electrolyte Balance ICF 65% of body fluids ECF Major electrolytes K+ Mg2+ HPO43- 35% of body fluids Major electrolytes Na+ Ca2+ Cl-

42. Fluid Balance The three structures that play the major role in fluid and electrolyte balance are: * brain (hypothalamus) * kidneys * adrenal glands

43. Regulation of Fluid Intake Decreased volume of ECF or Increased osmolarity of ECF Hypothalamus Decrease saliva Creates thirst Increased volume of ECF which decreases osmolarity of ECF Drink fluids