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Physical Geology

Physical Geology. Chapter 11 Part 2 – Mountain Building. Definition. A mountain is the most extreme type of deformation Relatively small “wrinkles” in the earth’s crust may soar from 1 to 8 km above sea level

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Physical Geology

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  1. Physical Geology Chapter 11 Part 2 – Mountain Building

  2. Definition • A mountain is the most extreme type of deformation • Relatively small “wrinkles” in the earth’s crust may soar from 1 to 8 km above sea level • A mountain is a piece of land that is higher than a hill and stands much higher than the land around it.  Mountains have steep sides and a pointed or rounded top.  The top of a mountain is very cold.  Mountains are created over long periods of time by tremendous forces of the earth.

  3. Range – a group of adjacent mountains related by shape and structure

  4. System – a group of adjacent ranges

  5. Belts – the two major mountainous regions of the world; Eurasian-Melanesian & Circum-Pacific belts

  6. How do mountains form? It’s all plate tectonics!

  7. Types of Mountains • Folded and Plateaus • Faulted • Domes • Volcanic Blossom Peak, Post Falls, Idaho

  8. Folded Mountains • Compression stress squeezes up accordion-like folds • May also result in formation of uplifted, broad, flat plateaus • Himalayas, Rockies, Appalachians, Urals, parts of the Alps

  9. Types of Folds

  10. Plateau

  11. Faulted Mountains • Vertical movement at fracture zones • Tilted blocks, lift or drop at single faults • Uplift at double faults • Sierra Nevada, Tien Shan, western foothills of the Rockies (Basin/Range region)

  12. Typical Fault Block Mountains

  13. Fault block valleyFault block ridge

  14. Death Valley

  15. Basin and Range

  16. Domes and Basins • Gentle upwarping or downwarping of crustal rock produce domes and basins • Erosion of these structures results in an outcrop pattern that is roughly circular or elongated • Black Hills, Adirondacks, Stone Mountain

  17. Domes and Basins

  18. sandstone Crystalline Metamorphic core limestone

  19. Volcanic Mountains • Eruptions of gases, magma, cinder/ash and pulverized surface material • Piles of expelled material form cones that may stand out from surrounding terrain as mountains • Shield cones • Cinder cones • Composite cones

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