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TECH 320 – Non-Metallic Processes

TECH 320 – Non-Metallic Processes. Lumber Lecture Deacon Band. Logging. Harvesting Trees Felling Severing the tree from the stump and bringing it to the ground. Extraction Pulling the tree from the forest area to a landing or roadside. Processing

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TECH 320 – Non-Metallic Processes

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  1. TECH 320 – Non-Metallic Processes Lumber Lecture Deacon Band

  2. Logging Harvesting Trees • Felling • Severing the tree from the stump and bringing it to the ground. • Extraction • Pulling the tree from the forest area to a landing or roadside. • Processing • Delimbing and topping the tree, and then cutting the stem into logs (‘bucking’). • Loading • Sort, stack and then load out onto logging trucks. • Trucking • Deliver the logs from the landing to the mill for final processing.

  3. Logging • Felling – The modern way

  4. Logging • Extraction

  5. Logging • Loading and Trucking

  6. Lumber Mill • Logs are scaled “Log Scaler” • Determines volume and grade of the wood • Logs are debarked • Logs are decked • Sorting by species, size, and end use • Lumber, plywood, chips

  7. Lumber Mill • Head Saw “Head Rig” • Breaks log into cants and flitches with a smooth edge • Cants: Unfinished logs to be further processed • Cants may be further broken down by a resaw or gang edger into multiple flitches and/or boards • Flitches: Unfinished planks • Edging • Takes the flitches and trims off all irregular edges • The result is 4-sided or Dimensional lumber

  8. Lumber Mill • Trimming • Squares the ends of the lumber at typical lengths • 8’, 10’, 12’, 16’. Etc… • Drying

  9. Lumber Drying • Kiln 2-3 weeks • Done in oven in 3 basic steps: • Step 1: high humidity, low heat. • Step 2: low humidity, raise heat. • Step 3: low humidity, high heat. • Air • 2-3 years

  10. Moisture Content • Furniture lumber 8% M.C. or less. • Construction lumber 12% M.C. or less.

  11. Sticking • Allows for air space and movement of air through the stack of lumber

  12. Planing • Smoothes surface of the lumber leaving a uniform width and thickness.

  13. Lumber Classifications • Use Classifications. • Yard lumber: sizes & grades used for ordinary construction and building, 2” or less in thickness. • Structural lumber: 2” or more in thickness and width. • Factory & shop lumber: lumber produced for remanufacturing purposes.

  14. Lumber Classifications • Manufacturing Classifications. • Rough lumber: lumber that has not been dressed (surfaced). • Dressed lumber: has been surfaced; S1S, S2S, S4S, S1E, S2E. • Worked lumber: has been dressed and also matched, ship lapped or patterned.

  15. Lumber Grading • Hardwood • Firsts: best grade, free of surface defects (91 2/3%). • Seconds:83 1/3% free of defects. • Selects: 4” wide & 6’ long. • Commons: #1, #2, sound wormy, #3A, #3B, below grade.

  16. Lumber Grading • S1S • Surfaced one side • S2S • Surfaced two sides • S4S • Surfaced four sides • S1E • Surfaced one edge • S2E • Surfaced two edges

  17. Lumber Grading • F.A.S.: Firsts and seconds (most common usage)

  18. Lumber Grading • Softwood. • #1 & #2 clear. • Selects C&D. • Commons, grades 1-5. • 1 – Construction: paints well, paneling • 2 – Standard: larger knots, paints fair • 3 – Utility: many knots, sheathing, subfloor • 4 – Economy: splits, concrete formwork • 5 – Economy: very rough, concrete forms

  19. Wood Scrap Products • Hardboard: made from wood fibers and glue under pressure and heat. • Standard and Tempered: tempered is like standard, only with more heat and pressure.

  20. Standard Hardboard

  21. Tempered Hardboard

  22. Wood Scrap Products • Flakeboard: made from wood flakes and glue. • Particle board: wood chips and glue. • Low,medium, and high density; density determined by the chip size. • Fiberboard: wood fibers and glue (very little pressure).

  23. Flakeboard • Oriented Strand Board (OSB)

  24. Particle Board Low Density

  25. Particle Board Medium Density

  26. Particle Board High Density

  27. Fiber Board Wood flakes and glue

  28. Plywood Types • Lumber core: solid wood is in the middle (hardwood). • Veneer core: veneer core plys. • Particle board: particle board core with plys.

  29. Lumber Core

  30. Veneer Core

  31. Particle/mdf Core

  32. Veneer Grades • Hardwood • G1S: good one side. • G2S: good two sides.

  33. Veneer Grades • Softwood:

  34. Board Feet • Board feet: depth(T) x width(W) x length(L) / 144(inches) = Board Feet • A measurement of volume of lumber

  35. One Board Foot

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