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Motivation

Motivation . Motivation. Motivation is a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal. Alan Ralston was motivated to cut his arm in order to free himself from a rock that pinned him down. AP Photo/ Rocky Mountain News, Judy Walgren. Alan Ralston.

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Motivation

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  1. Motivation

  2. Motivation Motivation is a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal. Alan Ralston was motivated to cut his arm in order to free himself from a rock that pinned him down. AP Photo/ Rocky Mountain News, Judy Walgren Alan Ralston

  3. Perspectives on Motivation Perspectives to explain motivation include the following: Instinct Theory Drive-Reduction Theory Arousal Theory Hierarchy of Motives Self-determination Theory

  4. Instincts & Evolutionary Psychology Instincts are complex behaviors that have fixed patterns throughout different species and are not learned (Tinbergen, 1951). Tony Brandenburg/ Bruce Coleman, Inc. © Ariel Skelley/ Masterfile Where the woman builds different kinds of houses the bird builds only one kind of nest.

  5. Drive-Reduction Theory When the instinct theory of motivation failed it was replaced by the drive-reduction theory. A physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need (Hull, 1951).

  6. Drive Reduction The physiological aim of drive reduction is homeostasis, the maintenance of a steady internal state (e.g., maintenance of steady body temperature). Drive Reduction Food Empty Stomach (Food Deprived) Stomach Full Organism

  7. Incentive Where our needs push,incentives (positive or negative stimuli) pull us in reducing our drives. A person who smells baking bread (incentive) may feel a hunger drive.

  8. Higher Order Needs • Henry Murray • “higher order” needs: not physiologically based • e.g.s: Need for Affiliation Need for Achievement etc.

  9. The Need to Belong “[Man] is a social animal,” (Aristotle). Separation from others increases our need to belong. 20th Century Fox/ Dreamworks/ The Kobal Collection “Cast Away,” Tom Hanks, suffers from social starvation.

  10. Aiding Survival Social bonds boosted our ancestors’ survival rates. These bonds led to the following: Protecting against predators, especially for the young. Procuring food. Reproducing the next offspring.

  11. Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow (1970) suggested that certain needs have priority over others. Physiological needs like breathing, thirst, and hunger come before psychological needs such as achievement, self-esteem, and the need for recognition. (1908-1970)

  12. Hierarchy of Needs Joe Skipper/ Reuters/ Corbis Mario Tama/ Getty Images David Portnoy/ Getty Images for Stern Menahem Kahana/ AFP/ Getty Images Hurricane Survivors

  13. Self-Determination Theory • Deci & Ryan (2000) • Basic Needs: Relatedness, Competence, Autonomy • Motivation: Intrinsic Vs. Extrinsic (Autonomous Vs. Controlled self-regulation) • Autonomous motivation  better goal progress and higher satisfaction • Excessive controlling rewards can undermine IM (“overjustification effect”) • Autonomy support  increased autonomous motivation

  14. Challenging Goals Specific challenging goals motivate people to reach higher achievement levels, especially if there is feedback such as progress reports.

  15. How to motivate people • avoid stifling intrinsic motivation • support autonomous motivation • provide informative feedback rather than control • find out what’s important to the individual

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