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Lyme

Lyme. Lyme. Darkfield. SEM. Lyme. outer membrane lipoproteins. Bacterial outer membrane. Lyme. Natural reservoir – white-footed mouse Vector – ticks in the genus Ixodes. Nymph. Eggs. Eggs. Larva. Adult. Lyme. Lyme. Borrelia in midgut of tick. Lyme.

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Lyme

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  1. Lyme

  2. Lyme Darkfield SEM

  3. Lyme • outer membrane lipoproteins Bacterial outer membrane

  4. Lyme • Natural reservoir – white-footed mouse • Vector – ticks in the genus Ixodes

  5. Nymph Eggs Eggs Larva Adult Lyme

  6. Lyme Borrelia in midgut of tick

  7. Lyme Borreliain bloodstream

  8. Lyme Erythema migrans

  9. Lyme Distant cutaneous site

  10. Lyme arthritis and enlargement of knee joints Bell’s palsy

  11. Respiratory mennheimiosis

  12. Respiratory mennheimiosis

  13. Respiratory mennheimiosis Neutrophils in lungs

  14. Respiratory mennheimiosis Acute, lobar, fibrinouspleuritis and pneumonia

  15. Respiratory mennheimiosis

  16. Mannheimia haemolytica • late 1800’s – introduced from sheep • Population decline; 2 M to ~70,000 • Pneumonia leading cause mortality; up to 90% • Domestic sheep - developed immunity • http://blogs.opb.org/fieldjournal/2011/01/24/new-evidence-disease-jumps-from-domestic-to-wild-sheep/ • Environmental stressors • Mortality - All age classes • Neonate mortality – 1 to 15 yrs suppressed recruitment

  17. Mannheimia haemolytica • Commingling - bighorn herd die-offs • Harvest strategies (DD) • Public grazing policies = limit interaction with sheep • BLM = Bureau of Land Mgt • USFS = U.S. Forest Service

  18. Bovine tuberculosis

  19. Bovine TB Animal’s macrophage Mycobacterium bovis

  20. Bovine TB • Intracellularin macrophages

  21. Bovine TB Granuloma

  22. Bovine TB • The lung contains multiple coalescing foci of caseous necrosis surrounded by thin pale fibrous tissue capsules (tubercles). Most of the lymph node is replaced by caseonecrotic debris.

  23. Bovine TB • More severely infected cervids can have multiple pea-sized nodules or large cheesy or pus-filled masses in lymph nodes of head, neck, lungs. • In cervids, lesions can occur throughout the chest cavity, under the skin of the chest, and in the abdominal cavity as well.

  24. Bovine TB • In some instances, superficial lymph nodes in the neck will develop large abscesses that may rupture and drain through the skin.

  25. Bovine TB • UK • Badgers (Meles meles) and cattle

  26. Bovine TB – UK Badgers

  27. Bovine TB

  28. Bovine TB • Biosecurity

  29. Bovine TB • New Zealand • Brushtail possum

  30. Bovine TB

  31. Bovine TB – Population Models • R0 : basic reproductive ratio • Depends on social behavior (e.g., contact rates) & bio. parameters (e.g., latency) • Crucial statistic – control of epidemics; represents threshold • R0 > 1 epidemic propagates • R0 < 1 epidemic dies out • R0 = b/d

  32. Bovine TB – Population Models • Decrease k (monitor) or reduce R0 by increasing mortality (culling)

  33. Bovine TB • Brushtail possums • Badgers Models: Chance (Prob) of bovine TB epidemic for initial introduction of infectious individuals into populations R0 = 1.6 – 2.3 (possums) and 1.1 – 1.2 (badgers)

  34. Bovine TB • Models: Probability bovine TB epidemic for introductions of 2, 4, 6, 8 or 10 individuals, with culls. • Chance of epidemic declines to 0 when cull mortality occurs at a rate of 2.4 y−1. Life expectancy = 5 mo. • R0 = (pb + β) / (α + d)

  35. Bovine TB in MI • History of bovine TB in Michigan cattle • Bovine TB into wild deer herd; reservoir for reinfection of cattle • Triggers testing of deer

  36. Bovine TB in MI • Michigan Bovine TB Eradication Project • Multi-agency team of experts from the MDA, DNR, DCH, MSU, USDA

  37. MDNR's Wildlife Disease Laboratory (WDL)

  38. Bovine TB in MI • Surveys of deer pop. • Testing of harvested deer • Ban baiting • Reduce interactions with cattle (conc. feed) • Testing of cattle herds, depopulate if +

  39. Response variables (different potential modes of TB transmission): • direct aerosol transmission due to close spatiotemporal association between potentially infected deer and uninfected cattle • indirect transmission by temporally segregated contact with dispersed feed by deer and cattle. • indirect transmission by temporally segregated contact with concentrated feed by deer and cattle VerCauteren et al. 2008

  40. Bovine TB in MI • Coyotes as sentinels • 58 of 175 coyotes tested positive • Prevalence by county ranged from 19% to 52% (mean 33%, SE 0.07) • Prevalence in deer (n = 3,817) was lower (i.e., 1.49% • Focus on coyotes rather than deer, sampled 97% fewer individuals and increased the likelihood of detecting M. bovis by 40%. VerCauteren et al. 2008

  41. Bovine TB in MN • Since 2005, 12 cattle farms • Since fall 2007, 27 wild deer (+) 8000+ deer tested; within 5 mi • TB free since 1976

  42. Bovine TB in MN • Fall 2006: Ban on rec. feeding in 4,000 mi2 area • 2006-07: aerial survey = 900+ deer in core area; 29 illegal bait sites • Feb 2007, contract with APHIS-WS = sharpshooting in core area • Removed 488 deer (6+) • Fall 2007, new deer permit area created for TB zone • 1,166 deer harvested (4+) • Prevalence estimated at 0.37%

  43. Bovine TB in Manitoba • Since 1991, >40 elk and >8 white-tailed deer have positive in Riding Mountain area 

  44. Bovine TB & POC’s

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