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chapter 4

chapter 4. Protein and Exercise. chapter. 4. Protein and Exercise. Author name here for Edited books. What You Need to Know. Proteins. Contains a nitrogen and amine group Made of up amino acids When broken down, nitrogen eliminated in urine as urea Body does not store extra protein

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chapter 4

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  1. chapter4 Protein and Exercise chapter 4 Protein and Exercise Author name here for Edited books

  2. What You Need to Know

  3. Proteins • Contains a nitrogen and amine group • Made of up amino acids • When broken down, nitrogen eliminated in urine as urea • Body does not store extra protein • Broken down into • Essential • Non essential • Conditionally essential (when diet is low, unable to build certain amino acids) • RDA is .8g/kg, DRI is .8 – 1.5g/kg

  4. Protein Functions • Building material for bone, muscle, tendons, ligament, organs • Serve as enzymes • Serve as hormones involved in energy metabolism (i.e. insulin, glucagon, epinephrine) • Maintain fluid and electrolyte balance • Assist in acid base balance • Carriers as in transport proteins • Can provide an additional energy source

  5. Classification of Common Amino Acids

  6. Advantages and Limitations of Methods Used to Estimate Protein Status

  7. Figure 4.1

  8. Dietary Sources • Primarily found in meat and dairy products • Other moderate sources include cereals, grains, nuts and legumes • Small amounts in some vegetables (i.e. asparagus and green beans) • Dietary protein quality determined by • Amino acid content • Digestibility • Complete proteins contains all essential amino acids (generally all meats) and meets needs if consumed based on guidelines • Incomplete protein where all essentials may be present but in lesser amounts • Complementary proteins (pinto beans and corn tortillas)

  9. Table 4.1

  10. Table 4.1 (continued)

  11. Table 4.2 What does this mean if protein is only used for synthesis and energy, but the other substrates are stored? Remember – Obesity is increasing

  12. Table 4.3

  13. Those at risk • Gymnast • Wrestlers • Figure skaters • Ballet dancers • Those on restricted diets with high training volumes

  14. Protein Metabolism

  15. Diurnal Variation in Amino Acid Pool

  16. Type of Activity and Protein Metabolism • Protein contributes to energy production in endurance training the following ways • As substrates for gluconeogenesis • Converted to intermediates in Krebs cycle for energy • Oxidized in the muscle directly for energy • Endurance exercise affects not only whole body protein turnover but also skeletal muscle turnover • Research limited • Leucine oxidation increases during endurance exercise through increased activity of branched chain lactoacid dehydrogenase • Intensities less than 65% does not appear to stimulate amino acid oxidation • Accomodation vs. adaptation • Do we accommodate the increased need for protein, or allow for an adaptation to occur to rely on the protein already provided

  17. Linear Increase in Leucine Oxidation with Endurance Intensity

  18. Amino Acids as Krebs Cycle Intermediates

  19. Adaptation vs. Accomodation

  20. Type of Activity and Protein Metabolism • Resistance and endurance exercise rely on different energy systems • Resistance training primarily relies on phosphagen and anaerobic glycolysis, not fatty acids or oxidative metabolism • However, a single bout of exercise, resistance or endurance, can influence protein metabolism uniquely • Let’s discuss

  21. Resistance Training Attenuates Negative Net Balance of Fasting, Feeding Increases Positive Balance

  22. Positive Balance Occurred in Novice Bodybuilders at 1.43 g/kg Based on Regression Analysis – Current Recommendation 1.6-1.7g/kg

  23. Table 4.4

  24. Protein Recommendations • Endurance • 1.2-1.4 g/kg • Resistance Training • 1.6-1.7 g/kg • Note: There are numerous groups (ACSM, ISSN, NSCA) that publish guidelines for all macronutrient requirements based on available research. • Protein turnover (building and breaking down) requires energy, optimal use of dietary protein by the body requires energy needs be met • Therefore, increasing protein intake while energy intake is adequate and constant does not improve protein utilization

  25. Increased Protein Side Effects • Renal damage • Increased urinary excretion of calcium • Increase lipoproteins with increased risk of heart disease • Dehydration • Possible toxicity from large doses of individual amino acids • Damage only to those with kidney or liver disease • No adverse effects for apparently healthy individuals • EXTENSIVELY STUDIED

  26. Central Fatigue Hypothesis

  27. Questions?

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