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The European Seaborne Empires in 1700

The European Seaborne Empires in 1700. The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade peaked in 1750-1800. King Tegesibu of Dahomey, ca. 1790. African slave trader in Angola, 1787. Sale of Africans, ca. 1760: The English merchant licks the slave’s chin to ascertain his age and state of health.

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The European Seaborne Empires in 1700

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  1. The European Seaborne Empires in 1700

  2. The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade peaked in 1750-1800

  3. King Tegesibu of Dahomey, ca. 1790

  4. African slave trader in Angola, 1787

  5. Sale of Africans, ca. 1760:The English merchant licks the slave’s chin to ascertain his age and state of health

  6. Revolt aboard a Slave Ship, 1787

  7. J.W. Turner, The Slave Ship (Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead & Dying), based on an incident from 1781

  8. Anthony Benezet, Quaker abolitionist pamphleteer.The Society of Friends founded the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade in 1787

  9. John Wesley (1703-1791), writing to William Wilberforce (1759-1832) on his deathbed

  10. “Am I not a man and a brother?”(designed by Josiah Wedgwood, 1790)

  11. The European Economy around 1700

  12. WHAT WAS “REVOLUTIONARY” ABOUT THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION? • Technology: the substitution of inanimate sources of energy (coal) for animate sources (muscle power, wind, water) in manufacturing. • Institutions: the development of large-scale units of production, with an elaborate division of labor and quasi-military discipline, to supplant the old household economy. • Sectors: a massive redeployment of investment capital and labor power away from agriculture, toward mining and manufacturing, a process linked with urbanization.

  13. For a thousand years, iron and steel had been made by hand at charcoal forges This forge at a small town near Paris, painted in 1823, would have seemed very old-fashioned to any Englishman

  14. Alexis, “Interior of the Workshop of a Silkweaver of Lyon”

  15. ENGLISH ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT BY 1800 Brown=coal Orange=iron ore Blue=woolens Purple=cotton White square=shipbuilding

  16. Lack of wood forced the English to make use of coal, and to dig ever deeper into the ground for it This Newcomen steam engine, invented in 1712, needed so much coal that it could only be used at coal mines, for pumping or ventilation….

  17. James Watt’s steam engine of 1774, which maintained a vacuum in the piston

  18. By 1784 the steam engine could yield rotary motion

  19. James Hargreave’s “Spinning Jenny” (1769)

  20. The Jacquard Power Loom (France, 1804) British textile factory, 1840s: Note the prevalence of women & children

  21. Coke-fired blast furnace to produce pig iron

  22. Puddling furnace to refine pig iron into wrought iron (1784)

  23. The “Iron Bridge,” Shropshire (built in 1787)

  24. “Coalbrookdale by Night” (1801)

  25. Francis Egerton,3rd Duke of Bridgewater,invested $30 million in a canal to link his coal mines with Manchester and the port of Liverpool

  26. THE BRINDLEY AQUEDUCT IN BARTON(the Bridgewater Canal originated underground in the coal mine and ended above ground)

  27. On the day the Bridgewater Canal opened in 1761,the price of coal in Manchester dropped 50%

  28. Cuckoo clock, made in the Black Forest around 1770

  29. Manchester in 1750 (population ca. 25,000)

  30. Manchester in 1850 (population: 400,000)

  31. THE INDUSTRIAL “TAKE-OFF” IN THE UNITED KINGDOM:The growth curve kinks upward around 1780

  32. BARRIERS TO INDUSTRIALIZATION IN CONTINENTAL EUROPE • Low agricultural productivity; the open-field system • High costs of transportation • Internal tolls or tariffs • Artisanal guilds • Barriers to the free movement of workers • Barriers to the free flow of capital • Lack of information about markets • Price controls

  33. A.R.J. Turgot (1727-1781), French Finance Minister (1775-76): This “physiocrat” sought in the spirit of Adam Smith to abolish the corvée, controls of the grain trade, and internal tariffs

  34. Joseph Vernet, “Construction of a Road” (ca. 1780):Reliance on the corvée, which Turgot sought to abolish

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