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The Incorporation of America:1865-1900

The Second Industrial Revolution. The Incorporation of America:1865-1900. Rise of Industry: Technology. U.S. is world leader in innovation. A. Graham Bell: Telephone, 1876 Henry Ford: Combustible gas burning engine. 1903: First air flight Wilbur & Orville Wright. T. Edison: Telegraph

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The Incorporation of America:1865-1900

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  1. The Second Industrial Revolution The Incorporation of America:1865-1900

  2. Rise of Industry: Technology • U.S. is world leader in innovation. • A. Graham Bell: Telephone, 1876 • Henry Ford: Combustible gas burning engine. • 1903: First air flight Wilbur & Orville Wright. • T. Edison: Telegraph • 1879: Incandescent light

  3. Rise of Industry: Continuous Production • Apply new technology for increased production of labor and goods. • Replace waterpower with steam by using coal. • Production Line: Meatpacking industry. “Disassembly Line” • Cigarette Making Machine: 7,000 per hour vs. 3,000 per day. • Soap, cloth, furniture, canned goods, and autos.

  4. Rise of Industry: Expanding Markets • Rail road lines & postal system • Rise of the chain store and mail house. • 5 & 10 cent stores, Macys, Woolworths, Sears, Marshall’s and Montgomery Ward. • Growth of advertising (1869). • 1st catalog: Sears

  5. Rise of Industry: Integration, Combination & Merger • Raw materials >Production>Labor>final Product • Business Cycle: Rapid Growth benefits large businesses. • Types of Business Growth: • Vertical Integration: raw material through finished item. • Meat packing: cattle ranches, railroads, slaughterhouses, knife production • Horizontal Integration: Gain control of the market for one item. • Rockefeller’s Standard Oil

  6. Rise of Industry: Integration, Combination & Merger • Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) • Outlawed monopoly • Didn’t clearly define monopoly • Not effective • Industrial giants continue to dominate business: Goodyear, Anaconda Copper, General Electric, Nabisco, Rockefeller

  7. 90% of business leaders are Christian. Success comes from hard work & perseverance. Acres of Diamonds, by Russell Conwell: To build a fortune is the Christian duty. “Money is power, and you ought to be reasonable ambitious to have it. You ought because you can do more good with it than you could without it. Money printed your bible, money builds your churches…” Gospel Of Wealth

  8. 1870: Wage workers are 5M strong (out of 13M). 1860-1890: 10 million immigrants come from Europe and Asia. Skilled labor is less needed with mechanization. Women come into the workforce in factories and offices. Labor: Changing Status

  9. National Labor Union (NLU), 1866: Workers are to be the employers. Knights of Labor (KoL), 1880’s: Bring together all wagers regardless of skill, sex or race. Abolition of child labor Graduated income tax Cooperatives Shorter workday (8 hour league) Unions

  10. Populous and diverse. 1870-1910: Average of 7K African Americans move north per year. “New” Immigrants: Post 1870’s: Eastern and southern Europe. Greek Italian Serbian Jewish Polish Romanian Industrial City

  11. Main Entrance Ports • Ellis Island in New York - Over 12 million people came through this port. • Half of Americans have ancestors who passed through here. • Angel Island in California

  12. Living Conditions Upon Arrival • Cramped and tiny living quarters (many homeless)/ Tenement Housing • High rate of disease • Disappearances • Child Life Style- child labor, gangs, kicked out of home if not able to bring home enough wages.

  13. Jacob RiisHow the Other Half Lives

  14. Problems: Pollution, dirty and poorly maintained streets Solutions: Housing codes, larger park systems, broad boulevards and parkways, zoning laws and planned suburbs. Beautiful City Movement

  15. City Environment • Electric trolleys • Improved sanitary conditions • Unrestricted coal burning • Death-rate lowered b/c sewers and purified water

  16. Northern investment spurs factory and railroad growth. Cotton producers begin vertical integration. Iron, steel and textile factories. South remains dependant upon north for capital and management. The New South: Industrialization

  17. Segregated factories. African Americans limited to low paying unskilled jobs. Factory or domestic work. The New South: Labor

  18. “Conspicuous consumption” Lavish spending to “show “ you are rich New Middle Class: Managers, technicians, clerks and engineers (WASP). Old Middle Class: Small business owners, doctors, lawyers, teachers and ministers. Suburban house for $10/month Homemaking books and magazines for women. Gospel of Exercise The Gilded Age: Culture & Society

  19. Immigrants: alcoholism & suicide. Settle in ethnic areas Jewish Ghetto Working class: Crowded tenements Home is second workplace. The Gilded Age: Culture & Society

  20. The Gilded Age: Education • 1870: Universal free schooling for white children. • 1890: 4% of high school age children are enrolled (middle class girls). • College: Agricultural, (Morrill Land Act) • Set aside land for the building of colleges in agriculture and engineering • Professional training: Pharmacy, engineering, and journalism.

  21. The Gilded Age: Leisure • Coney Island • Central Park • Baseball • Chicago World’s Fair

  22. Chicago World Fair • Opened to the public May 1, 1893 to October 30, 1893 • Was a celebration of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of the new world

  23. Inventions • Many inventions were first displayed at the fair • Farris Wheel • Built by George Farris • 250 feet high, held 36cars • each car held 60 people, and one car always held a band that would play when the wheel was in motion • Cracker Jacks • Aunt Jemima pancake mix • Electric chair

  24. The White City • Coined the term White City because of use of electricity at the fair • At night the entire fair was light up • People would travel for days to get to the fair • 30 million people were admitted when the countries population was 63 million. • Teddy Roosevelt, Helen Keller, Harry Houdini, Thomas Edison, Elias Disney • Fair had over 400 buildings with statues, canals, lagoons and fountains to give the fair a neo-classical feel.

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