Im pe ria li sm In In di a

1. Imperialism In India By: Asif M. Tyshawn E. Navon Carlton M. Lamiek S. Saudia K.

2. Aim: Why did the British imperialize India? What were the effects of this imperialization? Do Now: What can see in the picture below? What do you think it means?

3. Vocabulary Mughal Dynasty: An empire extending over large parts of the Indian subcontinent and ruled by a dynasty of Turkic-Mongol origin. “Jewel in the Crown”: The name given to India after India became the British empire's most valuable possession. Robert Clive: A British officer who established the military and political supremacy of the East India Company in Bengal a the Battle of Plassey. Battle of Plassey: A battle between the British East India Company and the French allied with the Newab of Bengal. Ram Mohun Roy: An Indian who challenged traditional Hindu culture and indicated the lines of progress for Indian society under British rule. Sepoy: All native soldiers in the service of the European powers in India Sepoy Mutiny: A period of armed uprising by Sepoy soldiers in northern and central India against British colonial rule on the subcontinent. British East India Company: The company chartered in 1600 by the British government to trade in the East Indies Raj: "royalty" or "kingdom"

4. The British East India Company A joint-stock company (a company that sells shares to investors who share in the profits and losses) called the British East India Company was chartered by Queen Elizabeth I of England for trade with Asia. On December 31, 1600, the group of merchants were given monopoly privileges on all trade with the East Indies. The original objective of the group was to break the Dutch monopoly of the spice trade with the East Indies. However, after 1623, when some English traders were massacred by the Dutch, the company admitted defeat and concentrated on its activities in India.

5. Their objective was now to make a profit for shareholders by exploiting the abundant natural resources and gaining access to the markets in India. The Company's ships first arrived in India, at the port of the city of Surat, in 1608. Sir Thomas Roe reached the court of the Mughal Emperor, Jahangir, as a representative of King James I in 1615, and gained for the British the right to establish a factory at Surat. From here, using the concept of “divide and conquer” the company increased their control over entire regions of the Indian subcontinent. This involved fostering division between native Muslim and Hindu groups, and taking advantage of the political rivalries that existed between local native rulers. Numerous trading posts were established along the east and west coasts of India, and considerable English communities developed around the three presidency towns of Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras.

6. From its base in India, the Company had also been engaged in an increasingly profitable opium export trade to China since the 1730s. This trade, illegal since it was outlawed by the Qing dynasty in 1729, helped reverse the trade imbalances resulting from the British imports of tea, which saw large outflows of silver from Britain to China. During the late 18th and early 19th centuries the British Crown began to assume an increasingly large role in the affairs of the Company. A series of Acts of Parliament were passed, including the Regulating Act of 1773, Pitt's India Act of 1784 and the Charter Act of 1813 which regulated the Company's affairs and established the sovereignty of the Crown over the territories that it had acquired. The Company's eventual end was precipitated by the Indian Rebellion, a conflict that had begun with the mutiny of sepoys, Indian troops under British officers and discipline.

7. Great Britain was set on building up their empire. This was the time of a colonizing race. India was a major supplier of raw materials with its abundance of resources open to exploitation. Prior to Imperialism India was not a united country. It was ruled by many kings. The British thought it was easy to imperialize India because of its political instability. The British saw India’s trading post in Bombay and saw it’s potential for profit. They also saw India's location as the best location to trade goods around Europe.

8. The Mughal Dynasty - In 1658 while emperor Shah Jahan was still in power, his son Aurangzeb took control of the throne. He managed to expand the empire in all directions and enforced a more orthodox form of Islam, which involved banning music in the empire. This made many Hindu rituals impossible to perform. - In 1672, the Pashtun, a long-time ally of the Mughals, began a revolt which lasted three years. By the end, the Mughals lost much of their power in today’s Afghanistan which greatly weakened the empire.

9. When Aurangzeb died in 1707, the Mughal state began to slowly crumble. Increasing peasant revolts and religious disputes threatened the stability of the throne, and various nobles and warlords sought to control the line of weak emperors. This led to the creation of powerful new kingdoms all around the borders which slowly decreased the Mughal land holdings. • A decrease in Mughal power led to an increase in BEI power, however, the East India Company ruled India with little interference from the British government until the beginning of the 19th century.

10. The Battle of Plassey • On June 23rd, 1757, the forces of the East India Company under orders of Robert Clive defeated the army of the last Newab, or governor, of Bengal allied with French forces. • The outcome of the battle was known from before as the Newab’s soldiers were bribed to throw away their weapons, surrender prematurely, and even turn their arms against their own army.  • With this victory the British East India Company also defeated any French company interests in India. • The win marked the beginning of great British control in India. The British East India Company now took political control of much of the subcontinent, commencing the British Raj ( British rule over India). • The later Mughal rulers held on to their throne, but they were simply puppets of the British.

11. The Sepoy Mutiny- 1857 • By 1857 as the British continued control, Western education was introduced in India and missionaries eroded Hindu society. Resentment among Indian people grew and it was joined by unease among the old governing class when the British decided to formally abolish the Mughal Empire. The Indian people also resented the constant racism that the British expressed toward them. • A climax was met when Sepoys found out that the cartridges of their new Enfield rifles were greased with beef and pork fat.To use the cartridges, soldiers had to bite off the ends but since Hindus consider the cow sacred, and Muslims do not eat pork, they were outraged by what they had been given.

12. Sepoy Mutiny continued… • When 85 of the 90 sepoys refused to accept the cartridges the British reacted badly. The soldiers who had disobeyed them were jailed. • The next day, May 10, 1857, the sepoys rebelled. They marched to Delhi, where they were joined by Indian soldiers stationed there and together they captured the city. From Delhi, the rebellion spread to northern and central India. • Fierce fighting continued. Both British and sepoys tried to slaughter each other’s armies. The East India Company took more than a year to regain control of the country. The British government sent troops to help them.

13. Sepoy soldiers Lee Enfield Rifle (Awesome WWI Gun)

14. The Sepoy Mutiny

15. The End of The Rebellion • The East India Company took more than a year to regain control of the country. The British government sent troops to help them. • The British were able to regain power majorly because the Indians could not unite against them as a result of weak leadership and serious splits between Hindus and Muslims. Hindus resented the idea of the Muslim Mughal Empire being restored, favoring British rule to Muslim rule. • Most royals who had made alliances with the East India Company did not take part in the rebellion. Additionally, Sikhs, a religious group that had conflict with the Mughals, also remained loyal to the British and became the support of Britain’s army in India. • Resulting from the mutiny, in 1858 the British government took direct command of India. The area that was under direct British rule, the Raj, lasted from 1757 to 1947. *A cabinet minister in London directed policy, and a British governor-general in India carried out the government’s orders.* • To reward the loyalty of some princes, the British promised to respect all treaties the East India Company had made with them and the Indian states that were still free would remain that way. In reality, however, Britain won greater and greater control of those states.

16. The Effects of Imperialism • Positives • Completion of railroads by the British enabled India to develop a modern economy and united connected regions. • The installment of telephone and telegraph lines, dams, bridges, and irrigation canals enabled India to modernize. • Sanitation and public health improved. • The presence of the British also allowed for an increase in literacy by the founding of schools and colleges. • British troops cleared central India of robbers and ended   local warfare among competing local rulers. Negatives • The British held much of the political and economic power. • Loss of self-sufficiency as a result of  British emphasis on cash crops. • The British restricted Indian-owned industries such as cotton textiles. • Increased presence of missionaries threatened traditional Indian life.      • Most British officials displayed racist  attitudes

17. Nationalism Surfaces in India *Nationalism: an individual’s feeling of loyalty to and proudness of their country. Over time, some Indians began demanding more modernization and a greater role in governing themselves. The Indian scholar, Ram Mohun Roy, sometimes called the "Father of Modern India,” began a campaign to move India away from traditional practices and ideas such as arranged child marriages and the rigid caste separation. He believed with change, India would break away from being controlled by outsiders and so his supporters favored westernization. The idea that they were second-class citizens in their own country made Indians grow more nationalistic. This growing nationalism led to the founding of two nationalist groups, the Indian National Congress in 1885 and the Muslim League in 1906 who focused on Indian concerns and later self-government.

18. Mohandas Gandhi “My religion is based on truth and nonviolence. Truth is my God. Nonviolence is the means of realizing him.” -M. Gandhi

19. Mohandas Gandhi • Born on October 2, 1869, in the present-day Indian state of Gujarat, to a wealthy merchant class family • Left home in India at the age of 19 to study law in London • Worked as a lawyer in South Africa in 1893 • Upon his return to India in 1915, he witnessed racial discrimination in the British treatment of Indians in India. He began to publicly question and criticize British colonial rule. • His method of fighting British control was through non-violence and non-cooperation. He encouraged people to boycott elections and resign from government jobs. • Gandhi rejected western clothing and only wore traditional homespun Hindu apparel. • He also fasted to protest unfair British policies and to stop violence between Hindus and Muslims in India • In 1922 Gandhi was arrested for preaching independence and was tried for sedition against Britain. He was jailed for nearly seven years. • After being released from prison Gandhi became a worldwide celebrity arousing public support for Indian independence across the world including Great Britain. • With the public pressure in Britain, India, and throughout the world, the British granted India independence on August 15, 1947.

20. The Salt March Britain’s Salt Acts prohibited Indians from collecting or selling salt, an essential staple in their diet. Indians were forced to buy salt from the British who also imposed a high tax on it. Taxes were unbearable but salt was essential. Mohandas Gandhi came up with the idea of Civil Disobedience to display a nonviolent resentment to the act. The march lasted from March to April of 1930. On March 12, 1930 Gandhi and thousands of Indians followers set out from the city of Ahmedabad to the Arabian Sea coast travelling a distance of approx. 240 miles. At the end of the march, Gandhi and his supporters were to defy British policy by making salt from seawater. Civil disobedience broke out all across India. Indian nationalists led crowds of citizens in making salt. British authorities arrested more than 60,000 people including Gandhi himself on May 5, but the peaceful rebellion, referred to as satyagraha, continued without him.

21. Civil Disobedience *What is Civil Disobedience?: the refusal to comply with certain laws or to pay taxes and fines, as a peaceful form of political protest On May 21 several hundred British-led Indian policemen viciously beat a group of the peaceful demonstrators. The incident was recorded by American journalists and prompted an international outcry against British policy in India. Not only had this molded Gandhi an international spectacle, but the concept of civil disobedience had been given it’s first taste of fame. Examples of Civil Disobedience in history: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Civil Rights Movement The Apostles Peter, and John continuing to preach in the name of Jesus even when they were ordered not to.

22. The Indian National Congress An Indian political party founded in December,1885. Its founding members proposed economic reforms and wanted a larger role in the making of British policy for India. During its first several decades, the Congress passed fairly moderate reform resolutions, but many within the organization developed ideas of complete reform as the poverty that accompanied British imperialism increased. As time progressed, the demands of the INC became more radical, or thorough, while they faced constant opposition from the government. The entire party later decided to advocate in favor of the independence movement, which favored the creation of a new political system in which they could be a majorly dominant party.

23. The Indian National Congress continued… In 1907, the Congress had split into a moderate group who sought control status for India, and a militant group who demanded self-rule. In 1920 the Congress began a campaign of passive resistance, led by Mohandas Gandhi, against restrictions on the press and political activities. Although the Congress claimed to represent all Indians, many Muslims, fearful of the vast Hindu majority, began to withdraw from the Congress. The Congress was divided on approaches to economic reform; the conservatives favored cautious reform while the leftists, urged socialism (An economic and political system based on public or collective ownership of the means of production)..

24. The Muslim League A political organization of India and Pakistan, founded 1906 as the All-India Muslim League. Its original purpose was to safeguard the political rights of Muslims in India. By 1940 it had gained such power that, for the first time, it demanded the establishment of a Muslim state (Pakistan), despite the opposition of the India National Congress. During World War II the Congress was banned, but the League, which supported the British war effort, was allowed to function and gained strength.

25. India In World War II The Second World War had a profound influence on the British policy towards India. When World War II broke out in 1939, Congress decided to oppose the war effort, and what it regarded as India’s undemocratic involvement in it, by launching the ‘Quit India’ campaign in 1942. Demonstrations and violence led to 60,000 arrests. . Britain needed India's manpower to fight the war and, to secure Indian support, was willing to offer to hand over its political power after it won the war. In 1942, Sir Stafford Cripps on his first mission to India made on behalf of the British Government his offer of independence after the war in exchange for cooperation, but the Indian political parties rejected his proposals. The Indian National Army, led by Subhas Chandra Bose, joined the Japanese to fight against the British. India attained Independence on August 15th 1947, after a great political and social struggle.

26. Subhash Chandra Bose Subhas Chandra Bose was a 20th century organizational and military leader who fought for India’s freedom from British rule. While Gandhi and other leaders were against doing anything anti-Britain Bose knew, for instance, that the fall of the Roman Empire had led to the freedom of its colonies. As such, he decided to seek foreign help for his cause of freeing India. Bose was against rendering any kind of help to the British during the World War II, but just as he predicted, India was declared as a warring state (on behalf of the  British) by the Governor General, without consulting Indian leaders. Subhash Chandra Bose now started a mass movement against utilizing Indian resources and men for the great war. The British promptly imprisoned him, however, in 1941, he suddenly disappeared from containment. In November 1941, a broadcast from German radio sent shock waves amongst the British and electrified the Indian masses as it was a message from Bose himself. The realized that he was working to free their motherland. Bose famously proclaimed, "Give me blood, and I shall give you freedom." Following the saying that "an enemy's enemy is a friend", he sought cooperation of Germany and Japan against British Empire and struck their alliance. He was warmly received in Japan and was declared the head of the Indian army, which consisted of  about 40,000 soldiers from Singapore and other eastern regions. INA marched through Burma and occupied Coxtown on the Indian Border. They were now inside India and were determined to drive out the British.

27. Road to Independence The pressure from the rising tide of nationalism made running the empire politically and economically very challenging and increasingly not cost effective. After many negotiations and campaigns by using non-violent non co-operation, Gandhi's campaign eventually gained sympathy from citizens in the empire and there was unrest inside India. The second world war left Britain almost completely bankrupt and could no longer afford to keep enforcing its will upon India by using military presence so Britain granted India independence The Indian Army was under influence Subhash Chandra Bose who took help from Japan, entered India and conquered Andaman Nikobar Islands. Hence there was not guarantee to the British that the Indian Armed forces will remain loyal to them after the end of WWII. The Govt. at the Britain was changed to Labour party(From Winston Churchill to Claimant Attlee) who was already in favor of granting independence status to India. From the beginning of War, the American President Mr.FranklinD.Roosevelt was insisting upon Mr.Winston Churchill to grant freedom to its colonies.

28. After a great political and social struggle, on August 15th, 1947, India finally gained it’s Independence from the British with the passage of the Indian Independence Act.

29. Partition of India • With the Indian Independence Act of 1947 releasing India from British rule, the country was parted into two dissimilar countries whose borders were determined by the religious groups that populated the areas. The Hindu population controlled the Union of India while Muslims controlled the Dominion of Pakistan ( later divided further into Pakistan and Bangladesh). • Rising tensions between Hindus and Muslims led to the aspiration of a Muslim state. • Muslim leader Muhammad Ali Jinnah believed that a united nation of Hindus and Muslims would lead to segregation of Muslims and civil war. Therefore on the 15th of August, 1947, Pakistan was born. • While the division of the country was being made, many Hindus and Muslims found themselves do be in the wrong part of the country. Forced to move out of the country in a hurry, thousands of people became homeless overnight. • Border disputes sparked as territories within fertile regions containing a nearly even assortment of Hindus and Muslims became divided. Neither side wanted to give up the land. The border was drawn through the middle of the country, between the Lahore and Amritsar provinces. As people from both sides scrambled to get to the right side of the border, more than 500,000 people were killed.

30. Results of the Partition

31. Bangladesh vs. Pakistan • The Partition of India divided the country into two : India and Pakistan. Bangladesh, then a part of East Pakistan, was a miss match of two geographically and linguistically different groups of people. • The difference between the two Pakistan's and the struggle for identity and cultural freedom in East Pakistan rose in 1969. • The military leaders of Pakistan refused to let the Bengalis form a government of their own. In order to demoralize the revolutionist Awami League, the Pakistan Army began a genocidal attack on the population of Dhaka city. • More than 35,000 Bengalis were massacred in the attack and Pakistan unleashed war against the rebellious Bangladesh. • The war lasted 9 months in which 3 million Bengalis lost their lives. The Bengali freedom forces or Mukhti Bahini, used the country terrain for smart and fast guerrilla warfare. With the help from the Indian Army, Bangladesh was able to win the war when Pakistan finally surrendered on December 16, 1971.

32. Indian Army soldiers carrying dead Pakistani soldier Mukhti Bahini guerilla soldiers laying down sniper fire

33. The aftermath of Pakistan's attack.

34. Modern Day India India is a now a sovereign republic and is a force to reckon with in world politics. It is the largest democracy in the world. It has retained its secular identity despite communal flare-ups.