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The Causes and Results of the Crusades

The Causes and Results of the Crusades. General Information. Crusades – “Going to the Cross” Usually ordered by the Pope Roman Catholic Holy Wars to recapture Jerusalem and the Holy land from the Muslims. Time Period. 1 st Crusade - 1096 2 nd Crusade – 1146 to 1149

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The Causes and Results of the Crusades

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  1. The Causes and Results of the Crusades

  2. General Information • Crusades – “Going to the Cross” • Usually ordered by the Pope • Roman Catholic Holy Wars to recapture Jerusalem and the Holy land from the Muslims

  3. Time Period • 1st Crusade - 1096 • 2nd Crusade – 1146 to 1149 • 3rd Crusade – 1189 to 1192 • 4th Crusade - 1202 • Albigensian Crusade - 1209 • Children’s Crusade - 1212 • 5th Crusade - 1215 • 6th Crusade - 1228 • 7th Crusade - 1243 • 8th Crusade - 1270 • 9th Crusade - 1271

  4. What caused the first Crusade? • During the Middle Ages pilgrimages were common • What is a pilgrimage? Where would a pilgrim go? • Jerusalem was taken over by the Seljuk Turks, who were Muslim • Why was this a big deal to Christians? • Byzantine Empire served as a buffer between Muslim and Christian areas • Battle of Manzikert in 1071 scared Christians... So: • Pope Urban II called for the first crusade

  5. Why would anyone want to go on a Crusade? • Religious devotion • Christians’ duty to correct the evils of the world • Population boom caused a land shortage • Respectable employment for a knight • “Criminals and sinners, ravishers and the sacrilegious, murderers, perjurers and adulterers…”

  6. What happened during the Crusades? • 1095 “The Popular Crusade” • bands of poor people, no equipment • 1097 The First Crusade • highly organized with 100,000 soldiers • stormed Jerusalem in 1099 and slaughtered the citizens • “The blood of the enemy flowed as high as our horses’ knees…” • “The dead were piled like the pyramids…” • 20,000 Christian soldiers were left to occupy… built “Crusader Castles”

  7. Crusades Overview

  8. Muslim Response • By 1144, the Seljuk Turks organized themselves and retook Jerusalem • 2nd Crusade is ordered to take it back • Salah al-Din (Saladin), one of the greatest leaders in history, retook Jerusalem in 1175

  9. The 3rd Crusade • An attempt by European leaders to re-conquer the Holy Land from Saladin. • Called by Pope Gregory VIII and led by Europe's most important leaders: • Philip II of France • Richard I of England • Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor • Failed to take Jerusalem

  10. Other Crusades • 4th Crusade turned on itself and conquered Constantinople • Children’s Crusade • Crusaders for the next century united European nation states • France • England • Spain • Portugal

  11. Results of the Crusades • Thousands of Muslims, Jews and Christians killed • Christians controlled Jerusalem for almost 100 years. • Christian pilgrims could visit Jerusalem in relative safety. • Slowed the advance of the Turks into Europe for a few hundred years

  12. Results of the Crusades • From Feudalism to Nation-States • Financial and governmental institutions to pay Crusaders. • Governments and the Church began to tax subjects • Repaired old Roman roads for faster travel • Increased trade across the Mediterranean • Standard of living in Europe increased with trade • Benefited from new ideas learned from the Arabs

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