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Water Sources. Classification. Clogging Factors. Inorganic Suspended Matter. Soil Classification by Particle Size. Biological Growth. Phytoplankton (Algae and Bacteria). Organic matter in Water. Bacteria Algae Phytoplankton Zooplankton. Bacteria. Aerobic + Anaerobic Sludge formation.
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Water Sources Classification
Clogging Factors Inorganic Suspended Matter
Biological Growth • Phytoplankton (Algae and Bacteria)
Organic matter in Water • Bacteria • Algae • Phytoplankton • Zooplankton
Bacteria • Aerobic + Anaerobic • Sludge formation Courtesy of Nu3
Algae • There is a cyclic seasonal pattern in the development of algae. In winter, when there is little light and low temperatures, the growth of algae is minimal. In spring when temperatures rise and there is an increase in radiation as well as in the availability of nutrients, Blossoming occurs.
Algae • Water source (River, lake) • Water tanks (Settling pool, Reservoirs) • On dripline surface.
Plankton • Zooplankton • Phytoplankton
Zooplankton • The size of zooplankton varies within the range of 0.2-30 mm.
Types of Minerals • Carbonates • Iron • Fertilizers • Silt
Water + Carbon dioxide + Calcium carbonate c Calcium Hydrogen carbonate H2O + CO2 + CaCO3[ Ca(HCO3)2(aq) חימום
Temperature & Scaling Scale begin
Warming of Driplines 45 Cº 28 Cº 20 Cº 16 Cº
Water temperature: control • White tubing • Subsurface installation • Shading
Fertilizers • Wrong mixtures • Phosphorous – Calcium • Sulfate – Calcium • Phosphorous – Iron • High pH • Dirt
Dissolution ( gr/L ) of some fertilizers Dissolution ( gr/L ) of some fertilizers
Interactions Soluble Ion Soluble Ion CaNo3 H3PO4 Insoluble Sediment D.C.P
Wrong mixtures: Examples • Calcium – Phosphorous • Calcium – Sulfate • Magnesium + “ • Wrong dilution of P acid in hard water.
Fertilizers Ca Nitrate + MAP
Iron Sedimentation • Accumulation on surface
Water Quality Testing • It can generally be stated that clogging problems due to the occurrence of impurities in irrigation water become more acute if the water has a high content of: • Suspended particles of organic or inorganic matter. • Precipitate-forming elements. • Bacteria that secrete slime.
Turbidity • The turbidity of a water sample is a measure of the ability of its suspended and colloidal materials to diminish the penetration of light through the sample. • Turbidity is measured by means of a turbidimeter
Particle-size Distribution - This test is performed by counting the particles and establishing their size distribution. Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) - Water from deep wells may require H2S determination. Portable test-kits are available for rapid field testing.
Water Quality Criteria A water classification system for indicating clogging hazard in trickle systems (Bucks and Nakayama - 1980)
Chlorination Chlorination is based on the injection of various chlorine compounds into the irrigation water.
Chlorination - Functions • It creates an environment in which algae can no longer develop. • It acts as an oxidizing agent, causing the decomposition of organic matter. • It prevents the agglomeration and sedimentation of organic suspended matter. • Its oxidizes substances such as iron and manganese, producing insoluble compounds that can then be removed. • Eliminating sulfur bacteria.
Reactions of Chlorine with Water • Hydrolysis: H20+CL2 = HOCL + H++ CL- • Ionization: HOCL = H++ OCL- • Effective chlorination is influenced by the following factors: • Available chlorine (concentration and type). • pH • Contact time • Temperature
Distribution of HOCL and OCL- in Water at indicated pH levels