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The Brain and Its Disorders

The Brain and Its Disorders. The Brain and Its Disorders. The Brain How To Study the Brain Psychopathologies Amnesias, Language Disorders, and Prosopagnosia. The Neuron. The Neuron. The brain’s most basic functional unit. The Neuron. Soma. Dendrites. Myelin Sheath. Axon Terminals.

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The Brain and Its Disorders

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  1. The Brain and Its Disorders

  2. The Brain and Its Disorders • The Brain • How To Study the Brain • Psychopathologies • Amnesias, Language Disorders, and Prosopagnosia

  3. The Neuron

  4. The Neuron • The brain’s most basic functional unit

  5. The Neuron Soma Dendrites Myelin Sheath Axon Terminals Axon

  6. The Neuron • Soma (cell body) – contains nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles • Dendrites – receive info • Axon – transmits info • Myelin sheath – covers the axon to increase transmission speed (cause of sensory and motor disturbances in multiple sclerosis)

  7. Action Potentials

  8. Action Potentials • How neurons transfer info • Changes neuron’s membrane potential • Rising phase – membrane depolarizes • Overshoot • Falling phase – membrane repolarizes • Undershoot • Restoration of resting potential

  9. Neurodegeneration • Involved in disorders like Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, Parkinson’s

  10. The Synapse

  11. The Synapse • Axon terminal releases neurotransmitters • Neurotransmitters cross the synapse and bind to receptors on another neuron • Neurotransmitters released, taken up again by first neuron

  12. Neurotransmitters • Acetylcholine – movement (respiratory paralysis) • Serotonin – mood, sleep, appetite, anxiety (depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder) • Dopamine – motivation, pleasure (schizophrenia, Parkinson’s) • Epinephrine and Norepinephrine – attention, anxiety, stress (epilepsy, mania in bipolar disorder)

  13. Neuropharmacology

  14. Reuptake Inhibitors • Prevent reuptake of neurotransmitters from the synapse • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors • Example: Prozac • Treats depression, OCD, panic disorder

  15. The Blood-Brain Barrier

  16. The Blood-Brain Barrier • Endothelial cells in blood vessels in the brain fit closely together • Only some molecules can pass through • Protects the brain from foreign molecules and hormones and neurotransmitters from other parts of the body • Can be damaged by infections, head trauma, high blood pressure, etc.

  17. The Brain

  18. The Brain

  19. The Brain • Cerebral Cortex – thought, language, reasoning, movement, sensation • Corpus Callosum – connects the right and left hemispheres • Cerebellum – movement, balance • Brainstem – breathing, heart rate

  20. Lobes of the Brain

  21. Lobes of the Brain • Frontal Lobe – personality, planning, emotion, problem solving • Motor cortex - movement • Broca’s area – speech production • Parietal Lobe - touch • Temporal Lobe – hearing • Inferotemporal Cortex – object recognition • Wernicke’s area – language comprehension • Occipital Lobe - vision

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