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Multilingualism & Multilingual Education in Friesland / Fryslân

Multilingualism & Multilingual Education in Friesland / Fryslân. Alex RIEMERSMA Workshop Minority Languages and Multilingual Education European Centre for Modern Languages ECML Graz, Austria / Österreich, February 16, 2011 Mercator

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Multilingualism & Multilingual Education in Friesland / Fryslân

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  1. Multilingualism & Multilingual Education in Friesland / Fryslân Alex RIEMERSMA Workshop Minority Languages and Multilingual Education European Centre for Modern Languages ECML Graz, Austria / Österreich, February 16, 2011 Mercator European Research Centre on Multilingualism and Language Learning www.mercator-research.eu

  2. Fryslân in history Early Middle ages Today Late Middle ages

  3. Characteristics of Frisian • Tsiis Cheese Kaas Käse • Tsjerke Church Kerk Kirche • Kaai Key Sleutel Schlüssel • twa skiep two sheep twee schapen zwei Schäfe • Ik haw west / I have beenIk ben geweest / Ich bin gewesen

  4. Frisian as First Language

  5. Frisian Language Command • 640.00 inhabitants province of Fryslân: • 94 % Understanding • 74 % Speaking • 65 % Reading • 26 % Writing • 54 % Frisian Mother tongue (350.000)

  6. Relative Position Frisian • Unesco Language Vitality scale (2003): unsafe, but not threatened by extinction • Euromosaïc (1996): nr. 14 out of 48 • Intergenerational language transmission - decline of 10% per generation • Language policy: - attitude & use

  7. Domains of Frisian language use • Strong oral language, weak in writing • Strong community language • Media: radio full day service; tv 2 hours per day (with re-run) • Culture: amateur theatre & choir singing • Social & economic life: strong oral (= informal) use

  8. Legal position Frisian • No mention in Netherlands’ constitution • Covenant Frisian Language and Culture (2001-2010) between Dutch governement and province of Fryslân • Announcement of Frisian Language Act: “equal footing” of Dutch & Frisian

  9. International recognition • European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages (ratified 1998)Frisian in part III: 48 undertakings- education - judiciary - public authorities & services - media - cultural affairs - social life • Framework Convention for National Minorities (ratified 2005)Frisians = ethnic minority

  10. Implementation of Charter • Programmatic versus static approach: - key word “to protect & to promote” • Minimum Standards • Application of the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) • Teaching time • Teacher qualifications

  11. Implementation of Charter - Education • Teacher’s qualifications:- language proficiency- didactic skills • Inspectorate: - assessment & evaluation of core goals • Further comparative analysis:- media & cultural provisions

  12. Minimum Standards Education • Report Minimum Standards in Education of / in RMLs (2007) • Analysis & Recommendations:- Educational goals- Teaching time (subject & medium) - Teaching materials- Teacher training- Inspectorate

  13. CEFR – further developments • European Language Portfolio = Documentation on individual level • Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR):- to apply to RMLs (L1, L2) • Attainment target in terms of CEFR • Result: common minimum standards

  14. Frisian in education • Pre-school (age 0- 4 year)(started 1989); now: 100 (out of 300) Frisian medium / bilingual provisions • Secondary education:1948: optional subject 1970: optional exam subject 1993: obligatory subject in lower grades

  15. Frisian in primary education • 1937: Optional subject • 1980: Obligatory subject • 1955: Optional medium of instruction • 1985: Attainment targets similar to Dutch • 1986: English obligatory subject

  16. Frisian in school practice • At most schools Frisian as a subject:- only for 1 hour per week- continuity in all classes • Use of Frisian as medium of instruction:- mainly oral use - development towards “Frisian (half)day • Concept of trilingual school: Dutch, English and Frisian both as subject and language of instruction

  17. Trilingual Schooling in Fryslân • Language proficiency in three target languages: Dutch, Frisian, English • Research related to CEFR • Challenges for the future:- bridging pre-school – primary- bridging primary – secondary school- teacher training

  18. Project ‘Trijetalige Skoalle’ • Goal: full bilingualism& biliteracy as regards Frisian and Dutch and basic communicative competence in English • Start in 1997-1998 • 7 project schools • Research results: 1997 – 2005 • Ongoing research at Fryske Akademy

  19. Trilingual education in Fryslân • Model used (with flexibility): - Group 1-6: 50 % Frisian, 50 % Dutch - Group 7-8: 40 % Frisian, 40 % Dutch, 20% English • Systematic use of Frisian, Dutch and English as a medium of instruction • Concious and strictly separated use of languages: person / time / themes • Interactive language education

  20. Trilingual education in Fryslân • Expected (& proved) results: - Good quality of Frisian - Results of Dutch at the same level at the end of grade 8 as all other pupils in the Netherlands - Results for English slightly better, but not significantly - Self consciousness in English better, but not significantly

  21. Research design • 7 project schools, > 90 pupils • 10 control schools, >130 pupils • Achievement tests Frisian, Dutch and English • Mother tongue taken into account in analyses

  22. Research in grade 7 and 8 • Frisian • decoding, reading comprehension, spelling • language attitude Frisian (grade 8) • Dutch • decoding, reading comprehension, spelling • English • listening, reading comprehension, vocabulary • selfconfidence using English (grade 8)

  23. Developments - 1 • More attention for implementation English as language of instruction • Introduction of Early English • Introduction native speakers of English as class room assistants • Official Anglia-test for English • Parallel test for Frisian

  24. Developments - 2 • Network of Trilingual Primary Schools:- 2010: 40 participating schools- 2012: aiming at 50 schools = 10% of all primary schools in Fryslân- 2020: aiming at 100 schools • Certification of quality (periodical assessment)

  25. Challenges • Continuity of teaching and learning • Bridging pre-school to primary • Bridging primary to secondary school • Quality of teacher’s: language command, didactic behaviour and tools • ICT methods

  26. Bridging pre-school to primary • Day care centres: age 0 – 4 years; full time • Pjutteboartersplakken:age 2,5 – 4 / two half days per week • Certification of quality • Training of practitioners

  27. Bridging primary to secondary • Project on trilingual secondary school:age 12 – 16 years • Actual situation:Frisian as a compulsory subject only in grade 1 / one lesson per weekFrisian as optional exam subject • Development: English and Frisian as medium of instruction

  28. Teacher Training • General training for primary school: 2 EC for English; 3 EC for Frisian • Training for secondary school is subject oriented • Challenges: language command language use as medium of instruction • 2011: Introduction Trilingual stream at teacher training

  29. Mercator Research Centreat Fryske Akademy • 1987-2006: EU fundedDocumentation & Information Centre • 2 Partners: Media: Aberystwyth & Legislation: Barcelona • 2007-2008: transition to Documentation and ResearchFunded by province of Fryslân and municipality of Ljouwert/Leeuwarden

  30. Mercator Network • 2009-2011: EU funded • Mercator Ljouwert “lead partner” • Aberystwyth – University of Wales • Barcelona – Ciemen • Boedapest – Hungarian Academy of Sciences • Eskilstuna (Sweden) – Mälardalen University

  31. Mercator Research Centreat Fryske Akademy • Scientific research & data collection • Information centre & platform function • Data base of experts • Newsletter & website • Network of Schools • Q & A service • Regional Dossiers

  32. Regional Dossiers • 40 language descriptions • Author = local expert • Update every 5-7 years • Online available

  33. Research themes • Minimum Standards of RML education • Added value of multilingualism • Trilingual Schooling

  34. Report on Minimum Standards on Education in RMLs (2007) • On request of the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities (CLRAE) of the Council of Europe • Recommendations to the Council of Ministers of the Council of Europe

  35. Themes of analysis • Educational goals & models • Time spent • Teaching materials • Teacher training • Inspectorate • Legal position

  36. Member States & Languages • Austria: Slovenian, Croatian • Germany: Sorbian • Netherlands: Frisian • Slovakia: Hungarian • Slovenia: Italian • Spain: Catalan • Sweden: Sami • United Kingdom: Welsh

  37. Added Value of Multilingualism • Cooperation with the Ministry of Eduation of the Basque Autonomous Community (BAC) • Focus on secondary school • Focus on English as a third language

  38. Trilingual primary schooling • Inventory study on provisions of trilingual primary education • 10 case studies, a.o.:- Basque Country; Catalunya;- Finland (Vaasa); Italy (Ladin); - Luxembourg;- North-Frisia (Germany);- Frisian (the Netherlands):

  39. Trilingual education in Fryslân • Model used (with flexibility): - Group 1-6: 50 % Frisian, 50 % Dutch - Group 7-8: 40 % Frisian, 40 % Dutch, 20% English • Systematic use of Frisian, Dutch and English as a medium of instruction • Concious and strictly separated use of languages: person / time / themes • Interactive language education

  40. Mercator Network of Schools • > 90 members • > 30 language communities • 15 EU member states • News bulletins • Website: - teaching materials - projects

  41. Kaart fan NOS

  42. Partner in European Projects • NPLD: Network to Promote Linguistic Diversity (regional authorities) • MELT: Multilingual Early Language Transmission (= pre-school sector) • EUNoM: European Network of Universitites on Multilingualism • Language Rich Europe • Civil Society Platform on Multilingualism

  43. Intended Network of Teacher Training Institutes • Aiming at: • Strenghtening relationship between teacher training and primary / secondfary education • Teacher’s competences in multilingualism • Didactic methods

  44. Foto fan bern • Leafst bern yn de klasse

  45. Tankewol • Eskerrik asko • Köszönöm • Grazia • Mercé plan • Dankscheen • Graciis • Kiitos • Diolch • Dz'akuju so • Hvala • Merci • Mange Takk • Trugarez • Multumesc

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