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Introduction, Definitions and Foundations of Bilingualism in Society

Introduction, Definitions and Foundations of Bilingualism in Society. Definitions. Individual bilingualism vs. societal bilingualism Language skills – highly specific, observable, clearly defined components (handwriting)

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Introduction, Definitions and Foundations of Bilingualism in Society

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  1. Introduction, Definitions and Foundations of Bilingualism in Society

  2. Definitions • Individual bilingualism vs. societal bilingualism • Language skills – highly specific, observable, clearly defined components (handwriting) • Language competence – broad general term, inner, mental representation of language, latent rather than overt-underlying system inferred from language performance

  3. Definitions • Language performance – outward evidence for language competence • Language ability/Language proficiency – latent disposition, a determinant of eventual language success or the outcome less specific than skills, ambiguous term • Language achievement – outcome of formal instruction.

  4. Four Language Skills • Listening • Speaking • Reading • Writing

  5. Skills within Skills • Pronunciation • Vocabulary • Grammar • Pragmatics • Etc, etc, etc • Maybe 64 separate components to language proficiency (Hernandez-Chavez)

  6. Labels • ESL • LEP • ELL

  7. Fifth Language Competence • Language used for thinking may be a fifth area of language competence (Skutnabb-Kangas) • Inner speech • Cognitive competence of language (Cummins)

  8. Minimal vs. Maximal Bilingualism • What is the competence necessary to be considered bilingual? • Maximal definition – native like control of two or more languages (Bloomfield) • Incipient bilingualism (Diebold) – minimal competence (tourist language)

  9. Other Definitions • Ambilingualism • Equilingualism • Functional Bilingualism • Receptive/Passive Bilingualism • Productive/Active Bilingualism • Natural/Primary Bilingualism • Academic/Secondary Bilingualism • Incipient Bilingualism These are not mutually exclusive, you can have two classifications

  10. Balanced Bilinguals • Idealized concept –equal competence in two languages in a reasonable competency • Problems • Balance may exist at a low level of competence in two languages – two relatively undeveloped languages • Should monolinguals and bilinguals be compared?

  11. Semilingualism • The concept of dominance • Semilinguals are distinct from balanced and dominant bilinguals. • Definition – a person with quantitative and qualitative deficiencies in both their languages when compared with monolinguals

  12. Semilingualism • Characteristics • Size of vocabulary • Correctness of language • Unconscious processing of language (automatism) • Language creation (neologization) • Mastery of the functions of language (emotive, cognitive) • Meanings and imagery

  13. Semilingualism • May occur when there is a language loss and is still acquiring English, the student may appear to be low-functioning in both languages (Roseberry-McKibbin) L1 At Risk Zone L2

  14. Conversation Fluency and Academic Language Competence • Academic related language competence – curriculum based language competence – five to seven years • Conversational competence or surface fluency – simple conversation, acquired fairly quickly • (Kangas and Toukomaa)

  15. Use of Bilingualism • Functional bilingualism • Moves into language production across an encyclopedia of everyday events. • Concerns when, where, and with whom people use their two languages (Fishman) • See page 12 and 13

  16. Foundations of Bilingualism in Society • Language Communities • An analysis of how groups of language speakers behave and change • It is important to examine the contact between language communities

  17. Change and movement • With every minority and majority language there is constant change and movement • Language contact • Language communities • Language change • Language shift

  18. Sociolinguistics Perspective • Diglossia • Language Shift • Language Maintenance • Language death • Language Spread • Language Revivial

  19. Diglossia • Two languages in society • Each language serves a different function

  20. Distinctions • Majority language (high) vs. minority language (low) • Prestigious Language

  21. Language situations with the relationship to bilingualism and diglossia • Page 37 • Diglossia with and without bilingualism tends to provide a relatively stable, enduring language arrangement. But with global world language, shift is more than norm than stability.

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