Jefferson's Era: Election, Policies, Marbury v. Madison, Louisiana Purchase, Coming of War

1. CH 8 NOTES THE JEFFERSON ERA

2. THE ELECTION OF 1800 • FEDERALISTS: JOHN ADAMS & CHARLES PINCKNEY • Rule by wealthy class • Strong federal government • Emphasis on manufacturing • Loose interpretation of the Constitution • British Alliance

3. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICANS: THOMAS JEFFERSON & AARON BURR • Rule by the people • Strong state governments • Emphasis on agriculture • Strict interpretation of the Constitution • French alliance

4. The election was deadlocked • Jefferson and Burr both received 73 electoral votes • The House of Representatives would have to decide

5. Day after day, each new vote ended in a tie • Jefferson finally won on the 36th vote • Hamilton swung the vote to Jefferson by spreading insults about Burr • The problem with the voting system led Congress to propose the 12th amendment • This created a separate ballot for president and vice president

6. JEFFERSON’S POLICIES • Democratic-Republicans controlled both houses of congress • Jefferson allowed the Alien and Sedition Acts to expire • He reduced the size of the army and navy • Eliminated certain taxes • Agreed to leave the National Bank • Reduced the national debt • Reduced the number of government employees

7. MARBURY V. MADISON • Before Adams left office, the Federalists passed the Judiciary Act of 1801 • This created 16 new judgeships that President Adams filled with Federalists before leaving office • They were called midnight judges because they were appointed the night before he left office

8. Some of these appointments were made so late that the documents to authorize them were not delivered in time • William Marbury, a judge named by President Adams, did not receive his documents before Adams left office

9. When Jefferson took over, Marbury demanded the documents • Madison, the new Secretary of State, refused and said the documents were not valid • Marbury sued and asked the Supreme Court to order the papers to be delivered

10. Marbury claimed the Judiciary Act of 1789 gave the Supreme Court the power to do so • John Marshall, A federalist appointed by Adams, was the chief justice of the Supreme Court

11. The court declared that part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional (Judicial Review) • Under the constitution, Congress could not give the Supreme Court such power • Justice Marshall said that the Constitution gave the Supreme Court the authority to hear only certain types of cases • Marbury’s case was not one of them, therefore it is unconstitutional

12. LOUISIANA PURCHASE • As the 1800s began, the United States was expanding westward • Spain controlled Louisiana, but found it impossible to keep Americans out of it • They agreed to trade it to France, and pass the problem on to someone else • France was led by Napoleon, a powerful ruler who had conquered most of Europe • He wanted to build an empire in North America

14. Enslaved Africans in the Caribbean revolted against French rule • France was at war with Great Britain again • Napoleon needed his army elsewhere and also needed money for supplies • The U.S. was only trying to buy New Orleans • Napoleon sold all of Louisiana for $15 mil. (congress authorized $1 mil., Jefferson authorized $10 mil.)

16. The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the U.S. • It provided many natural resources and major agricultural and livestock production • VALUE OF TERRITORY: • THEN – $15 MILLION • NOW – $300 BILLION • AVERAGE COST PER ACRE: • THEN – 3¢ • NOW - $1000

17. THE COMING OF WAR • Great Britain and France were at war • American trade was threatened • American shipping had neutral rights • Britain blockaded the French coast • France said it would search and seize ships trading with Britain • Barbary pirates from North Africa attacked American ships until the USS Constitution was sent in

18. Britain needed sailors • They searched American ships for sailors they thought had run away from the British Navy • Sometimes deserters were captured, but thousands of impressed Americans were also taken

19. Impressment – the practice of forcing people to serve in the army or navy.

20. Britain’s violations of neutrality sparked Americans for a response • Instead of war, Jefferson urged congress to pass the Embargo Act • The Embargo Act banned trade with all foreign countries • The Embargo Act backfired

21. The effects were devastating to American businesses • Northern states were losing money • The Embargo Act damaged Jefferson’s popularity • It had little effect on Britain and France

22. Conflicts in the West • Settlers continued to pour into the Northwest Territory • Native Americans were still angry and continued their association with the British • The British began to arm the Natives, spreading fear with the settlers

23. Tecumseh tried to unite the Natives

24. The Governor (William Henry Harrison) of the Northwest territory tried to get Tecumseh to follow the Treaty • Tecumseh refused and fighting broke out • U.S. forces defeated Tecumseh in the Battle of Tippecanoe

25. WAR HAWKS • War Hawks – a name given to several young members of congress who were calling for war against Britain • They wanted to stop British influence on Native Americans and invade Canada to gain more land • New England Federalists wanted peace to renew their business ties with Britain

26. DECLARING WAR • Madison became president in 1808 and had to deal with the trade wars left by Jefferson • In 1812, for the first time in American history, congress declared war • Months later, Madison was elected to a second term

27. Again the U.S. was unprepared for war • An army of 7,000 men • Militia with 50,000 to 100,000 poorly trained soldiers • Two attempts to invade Canada were stopped by the British

28. WAR OF 1812 • WAR AT SEA: • British Navy had hundreds of ships • U.S. Navy had less than 20 and none as powerful as the British • The U.S. had well-trained sailors and new ships such as the Constitution • The U.S. ships were also much faster • U.S. won many one-on-one battles, but the British eventually blockaded the ports

29. BRITISH ATTACKS IN THE EAST: • The British won the war against France in 1814 • They were able to send more troops to the U.S. • British attacked Washington D.C. • Forced Madison to flee • Burned and destroyed the city

30. British sail on to Baltimore • Roads were barricaded and the harbor was blocked • Shelled Fort McHenry for 25 hours • Fort McHenry did not surrender • British chose to retreat

31. BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS: • British hoped to take control of the Mississippi River • Jackson commanded a mix of troops including African Americans, Indians, state militia, and pirates

32. British attack Jackson

33. British are caught in an open field • British were cut down quickly • More than 2,000 British were killed • Jackson was a hero • The last major conflict of the War of 1812 occurred after the treaty was signed

34. CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF THE WAR • Treaty of Ghent ended the War of 1812 • CAUSES OF WAR OF 1812: • - Impressment • - Interference with shipping • - British aid to Native Americans

35. EFFECTS OF THE WAR OF 1812: • - Increased sense of pride • - boost in manufacturing • - Indian resistance weakened