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Recovering Christian Confidence: Proclaiming the Gospel in an Age of Skepticism and Cynicism Lecture 1

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Recovering Christian Confidence: Proclaiming the Gospel in an Age of Skepticism and Cynicism Lecture 1

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    1. Recovering Christian Confidence: Proclaiming the Gospel in an Age of Skepticism and Cynicism Lecture 1 Alister McGrath

    2. The task of apologetics Sanctify the Lord Christ in your hearts, being prepared to give an answer to all those who ask you for a reason for the hope that is within you (1 Peter 3.15).

    3. 1 Peter 3.15 Extremely important text Assumes that people are already inclined to ask you questions about the Christian faith – see Graham Tomlin’s The Provocative Church

    4. Two key aspects of apologetics Negatively, it is about countering objections to the Christian faith Positively, it is about explaining the truth and vitality of the Christian faith

    5. We must get away from the idea that apologetics is reactive, doing nothing other than respond to criticisms and objections Apologetics must be able to take the initiative, and set out the attraction of the gospel in terms our culture can understand, using media our culture can access

    6. The Audience for Apologetics Traditionally understood as pre-evangelism – in other words, as addressing questions and difficulties raised by non-Christians This remains vitally important We need to listen to the questions raised by our culture, and give thought to how best to respond to them Removing misunderstandings and misconceptions

    7. The Audience for Apologetics BUT There is a real need for an apologetic ministry within the church a) for Christians who are unsure about their faith. (Note that C.S. Lewis is read mostly by Christians seeking reassurance.) b) for Christians who want to be equipped to deal with their friends’ hard questions

    8. 1 Peter 3.15 Can easily be misunderstood to imply a rationalist approach to apologetics – namely, that apologetics is simply about intellectual arguments in favour of faith Apologetics engages the mind, the heart and the imagination We impoverish the gospel if we believe it only impacts upon the human mind

    9. Evangelism and Apologetics Apologetics as pre-evangelism Helpful, but not good enough! Apologetics as ground-clearing Apologetics as non-confrontational An analogy: the Parables of Feasting

    10. The limitations of a rationalist apologetics Limits the appeal of Christianity to its ideas What about the person of Christ, who is right at the heart of faith? Or the Old Testament’s appeal to the “beauty of the Lord”? And what about the role of grace? Or the Holy Spirit?

    11. Avery Dulles on Apologetics “The apologist is regarded as an aggressive, opportunistic person who tries, by fair means or foul, to argue people into joining the church. Numerous charges are laid at the door of apologetics: its neglect of grace, of prayer, and of the life-giving power of the Word of God.” A History of Apologetics (1971), xv.

    12. The divine dimension Neither apologetics nor evangelism are about arguing people into the kingdom of God If people are blinded by the “spirit of the age”, divine grace is needed to heal them Paul saw his proclamation as grounded in the power of God, not human wisdom or strength (1 Corinthians 2.1-4)

    13. John Newton Amazing grace! How sweet the sound That saved a wretch like me! I once was lost, but now am found; Was blind, but now I see. ’Twas grace that taught my heart to fear, And grace my fears relieved; How precious did that grace appear The hour I first believed.

    14. Jonathan Edwards Classic analysis of the limits of reason and argument in evangelism and apologetics

    15. Jonathan Edwards “Great use may be made of external arguments; they are not to be neglected, but highly prized and valued; for they may be greatly serviceable to awaken unbelievers, and bring them to serious consideration, and to confirm the faith of true saints.”

    16. Jonathan Edwards “[Yet] there is no spiritual conviction . . . but what arises from an apprehension of the spiritual beauty and glory of divine things.”

    17. What Edwards had in mind . . . The sermon “A Divine and Supernatural Light Immediately Imparted to the Soul by the Spirit of God, Shown to be Both Scriptural and Rational Doctrine,” preached at Northampton, Massachussets, in 1734.

    18. What Edwards had in mind . . . “He that is spiritually enlightened truly apprehends and sees it, or has a sense of it. He does not merely rationally believe that God is glorious, but he has a sense of the gloriousness of God in his heart. There is not only a rational belief that God is holy, and that holiness is a good thing, but there is a sense of the loveliness of God’s holiness.”

    19. A biblical example John 1 Philip and Nathanael “come and see”

    20. John 2 The glory of Christ Juan de Flandes, Marriage Feast at Cana (1500).

    21. “Christ revealed his glory, and his disciples put their faith in him” (John 2:11) Apologetics as bearing witness to the glory of Christ

    22. Why modernity is not a good thing . . . Modernity “arrived” sometime around 1720-50 It was fiercely opposed at the time by Christians, who saw it as destructive of faith Now we seem to have got used to it, and some even treat it as a “good thing”. Or even a necessary thing.

    23. . . . And why postmodernity is not a bad thing Postmodernity is a new cultural mood, displacing modernity Some older apologists are often so wedded to rationalist approaches that they can’t cope with the new situation They often seem to want to convert people to modernity so that their apologetic approaches will work

    24. The importance of the audience Why one size does not fit all! Biblical models: Acts 2 – Acts 17 Biblical models – the parables Key audience issues: a) history b) language and concepts c) authorities

    25. Postmodernity . . . Difficult to define – many definitions around Not uniform – expect to find congregations and groups which are still “modern” rather than postmodern

    26. Truth in a Confused Society Relativism Nothing can be known for certain All things are equally good There is no truth – just truths

    27. The Problem with this Approach “There are no absolute truths” OK – so what is the status of this statement If it is to be of any interest, it must be universally true But if so, it is an absolute truth So the argument is not about whether there are absolute truths, but about what these truths are.

    28. The Problem explored further The key issue is self-reference Many people propose criteria of truth, yet seem to exempt themselves from those criteria Example: A. J. Ayer “There are no absolute truths” is a statement of absolute truth which negates itself.

    29. The Postmodern Aversion to Truth Truth is no longer something positive Truth is really about power To claim to be telling the truth is to claim authority over someone else Key source for these ideas – Michel Foucault

    30. Michel Foucault (1926-84)

    31. Foucault on Madness Madness is determined by society Madness means revolt against the norms of a society Society thus uses madness to neutralize threats to its existence

    32. A Problem for Relativism: Suttee

    33. The Suttee Issue Suttee is the practice of burning widows alive on their late husband’s funeral pyre, common in certain parts of India It was banned by the British in the 1850s Were the British right to ban it?

    34. Postmodernity and Scripture 1. Truth 2. Story 3. Images

    35. Issue 1: Truth Postmodernity aversive to “truth” Tendency to equate claims to “telling the truth” with domination and power Emphasis on truth seen as characteristic of and outdated and discredited modernity

    36. Issue 1: Truth So what can we do? Option 1 – critique postmodernity’s aversion to truth Option 2 – work within postmodernity’s emphasis on “lure” or “attraction” Key question: how does reading Scripture help us understand the attractiveness of the Christian faith?

    37. An Illustration: The Sirens

    38. The First Approach: Odysseus

    39. The Second Approach: Orpheus

    40. The Attractiveness of Faith: Biblical Themes Jesus as the “bread of life” (John 6) Jesus as the “spring of water welling up to eternal life” (John 4)

    41. The Attractiveness of Faith: Biblical Themes “Taste and see that the Lord is good” (Psalm 34) Longing to “behold the fair beauty of the Lord” (Psalm 27)

    42. A Christian response Real truth is not oppressive – it is liberating! The truth sets us free If there is a God, we are liberated from being under any other lesser authority The case of atheism as a case in point.

    43. Atheist totalitarianism The aftermath of the Soviet era Atheism was once seen as a liberator – e.g. in 1789 But when it came to power, it turned out to be just as bad as anything that had preceded it In fact, it was worse – all the limits to human action were removed

    44. Dostoyevsky (1821-81)

    45. Dostoyevsky, The Possessed “If God exists, then everything is His will, and I can do nothing of my own apart from His will. If there’s no God, then everything is my will, and I’m bound to express my self-will.”

    46. The Berlin Wall

    47. Prisoners on their way to the Gulag

    48. Atheist totalitarianism It turned out that atheism was a one-time liberator that had turned oppressor Its social role as a liberator was determined by its historical situation, not its fundamental idea The same atheism was a liberator in 1789, and an oppressor in 1989

    49. Atheist totalitarianism And the same is true for the church The church was seen as an oppressor by the French people in 1789 But it was seen as a liberator by the East Germans on the eve of the fall of the Berlin Wall The protest meetings against communist authoritarianism were held in Protestant churches

    50. The truth shall set you free We need to ensure that the church proclaims freedom in word and in deed, so that the liberating impact of the gospel can be seen.

    51. Issue 2: Story Scripture is saturated with stories “Story” does not imply that what is told is not true; it places emphasis upon its narrated and historical character Idea of entering into the story . . .

    52. Rise of postmodernism demands recovery of this older, more authentic approach Most people do not think in abstract, conceptual ways, but base their thinking on controlling stories or images. This means that abstract, conceptual ways of proclaiming Christ are inaccessible to many. But stories are different . . .

    53. On telling biblical stories Narratives provide a framework for making sense of things The calling of Abraham The exodus from Egypt The exile in Babylon

    54. On telling biblical stories The parables: earthly stories with heavenly meanings Very accessible earthly stories with heavenly meanings Engage the imagination – very open-ended

    55. On telling biblical stories Three parables as examples: The Sower The Pearl of Great Price The Prodigal Son

    56. Issue 3: Images Scripture is rich in images Images encourage an engagement with Scripture Images stimulate the imagination, as well as the reason Images speak to those who are not especially good at argument or analysis

    57. Postmodernity and Images We’ve seen this point already . . .

    58. Once upon a time . . .

    59. And now . . . .

    60. A Biblical Image . . . We must let images be images! They engage the imagination Rationalism: wants to limit the image – give a definition; impose a meaning; reduce it to a single didactic point Most people like engaging with images because they have many aspects

    61. A Biblical Image . . .

    62. A Biblical Image . . .

    63. A Biblical Image . . .

    64. Ransom Mark 10:45 The Son of Man came ‘to give his life as a ransom for many.’ 1 Timothy 2:5-6 Jesus Christ is ‘the one mediator between humanity and God’ who ‘gave himself as a ransom for all.’

    65. Exploring the image of “ransom” Bondage to sin (Romans 7) A price has been paid to set us free (1 Corinthians 6) We now enter the glorious liberty of the children of God (Romans 8)

    66. Another Image: Adoption We have been adopted as children of God (Romans 8) This means that we belong somewhere We are welcomed into God’s family; we are wanted

    67. Images and Apologetics Traditionally, apologetics has used word-based arguments. But how are we to respond to the new importance attached to images? If images, not words, are gateways to faith, how can we use them? And encourage others to use them?

    68. Example 1 A film Charles Chaplin, Modern Times (1936)

    70. Depiction of the dehumanizing effect of the mechanical worldview Used to show the failure of modernity to deliver the liberation and autonomy it promised

    71. Example 2 A work of art Edvard Munch, The Scream (1893)

    73. The Scream as a heartfelt cry of utter despair at the meaninglessness of life, and the hopelessness of the human situation. All that we can do is protest; we cannot change anything.

    74. Looking at an objection: You’ve just made this all up. It’s a delusion. You’ve invented this to console you. What do we say?

    75. Ludwig Feuerbach (1804-72)

    76. Problems with Feuerbach Things don’t exist because we want them to - but it is nonsense to say that, because we want something to exist, it cannot exist for that reason! Christian doctrine of creation has much to say here! The argument works against both theist and atheist

    77. C. S. Lewis “I believe in Christianity as I believe that the Sun has risen – not only because I see it, but because by it, I see everything else.” C.S. Lewis, “Is theology poetry?”, in Essay Collection and Other Short Pieces. London: HarperCollins, 2000, 10-21; 21.

    78. Augustine of Hippo

    79. Augustine on the Purpose of Human Creation To praise you is the desire of humanity, a small piece of your creation. You stir humanity to take pleasure in praising you, because you have made us for yourself and our heart is restless until it rests in you.

    80. Karl Marx (1818-83)

    81. Problems with Marx His theory predicts that religion will disappear after a socialist revolution But it didn’t - see the Russian revolution So theory and observation had to be brought together through the forcible suppression of religion

    82. Czeslaw Milosz

    83. Czeslaw Milosz Religion, opium for the people! To those suffering pain, humiliation, illness, and serfdom, it promised a reward in afterlife. And now we are witnessing a transformation. A true opium of the people is a belief in nothingness after death – the huge solace of thinking that for our betrayals, greed, cowardice, murders we are not going to be judged.

    84. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

    85. Religion as illusion Religious beliefs are illusions, fulfillments of the oldest, strongest and most urgent wishes of mankind . . . As we already know, the terrifying impression of helplessness in childhood aroused the need for protection – for protection through love – which was provided by the father.

    86. Responding to Freud . . . Best response is by Armand Nicholi, professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School

    87. Responding to Freud . . . His key book - The Question of God: C.S. Lewis and Sigmund Freud debate God, Love, Sex, and the Meaning of Life

    88. Feuerbach, Marx and Freud What do they have in common? All argue that we want to believe in God, for social or psychological reasons BUT: A) Wanting something doesn’t mean that it can’t exist! B) Atheists don’t want to believe in God – so does that make their belief invalid?

    89. Atheism is a faith! We need to realize that atheism is just as much a faith as Christianity Neither can prove their case with absolute certainty But most atheists think that their worldview is factual, the only serious option for a thinking person

    90. End

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