Topics that seem unrelated, but will make sense when we are done!

1. Topics that seem unrelated, but will make sense when we are done!

2. States and their Locations • Buffer States and Zones • A buffer state is an independent country located between two larger countries that are in conflict • Russia and China have warred over boundaries for centuries, but Mongolia, a buffer, has helped reduce direct confrontation between the two states • Satellite States • Countries controlled by another, more powerful state • During the Cold War, the Soviet Union worked to dominate the Eastern European buffer zone and install Communist satellite states there • Called the “Iron Curtain” • Shatterbelts • State or group of states that exists within a sphere of competition between larger states and is often culturally, economically, and politically fragmented and splintered • Eastern Europe • Existed as a sphere of competition between U.S.S.R. and western powers

3. When States Change • Centrifugal • Divide and tear apart a state’s people and regions • Can lead to Balkanization • Broke apart Soviet Union • Examples • Separatism in a region • Internal boundary conflicts • Deep religious divisions • Centripetal • Unify a state’s people and regions • Examples • Unifying symbols • Pledge of allegiance • Strong identity based on language, religion, or other cultural traits. • Devolution • Definition • Process of transferring some power from the central government to regional governments • Often refers to the transfer of power that occurs when a state breaks up • States facing centrifugal forces are often forced to transfer to regional governments to reduce tensions • Scotland • Pushed for more autonomy in 1990s • England devolved more power to Scotland • Given own representative parliament

5. Suprationalism • Why Do States Cooperate with Each Other? • Future of world’s sovereign states challenged by globalization • States are willingly transferring authority to regional organizations • Established primarily through economic cooperation

6. Supranationalism • Definition • Growing trend to organize political and economic affairs at the international level rather than national level • Refer to entities in which three or more countries form an alliance for cultural, economic, or military reasons. • Created so that states can collectively reach a common goal they may not be able to reach independently • Issues • If a country threatens other states, supranational organizations may impose sanctions • Punishments in the form of economic and/or diplomatic limits • Example: Iraq • Growth of Supranational alliances challenges conceptions of state sovereignty • Often must give up some powers • Example: European Union • Countries were reluctant to give up their currencies and covert to the Euro

7. Political and Military Cooperation • International and regional organizations were established primarily to prevent a third world war in the twentieth century and protect countries from a foreign attack • Some examples: • United Nations • Warsaw Pact • NATO • ASEAN • European Union • African Union

8. Why has Terrorism Increased?

9. Terrorism by individuals or organizations • Terrorism is the systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a population or coerce a government into granting its demands • Terrorists attempt to achieve their objectives through organized acts that spread fear and anxiety throughout the population • Terrorists consider violence necessary as a means of bringing widespread publicity to goals

10. Terrorism by Individuals and Organizations • Term terror first used during French Revolution 1793 • Today Terrorism used to describe actions of groups operating outside government • Distinguishing terrorism from other acts of violence sometimes difficult – why?

11. Terrorism against Americans • 1988: Pan Am Flight 103 • Lockerbie, Scotland • Killed 259 aboard, plus 11 on the ground • 1993: World Trade Center • Car bomb • Damaged building • Killed 6, injured 1,000 • 1995: Oklahoma City • Car bomb • Killed 168 people in Federal Building • 1996: Saudi Arabia • Truck bomb killed 19 US Soldiers, injured more than 100 • Targeted American apartment complex • 1998: US Embassies • Both Kenya and Tanzania • Bombed • Killed 190, wounded 5,000 • 2000: USS Cole • Bombed while in Yemen • Killed 17 US Servicemen • Others • Ted Kaczynski – the Unabomber • Killed 3 people, injuring 23 others

12. Pan Am Flight 103

13. World Trade Center 1993

14. Oklahoma City 1995

15. 1996 Saudi Arabia

16. 1998: US Embassies

17. 2000 USS Cole

18. September 11, 2001 • WTC and Pentagon attacked • Over 3,000 died • 93 on American Airlines Flight 11 • 65 on United Airlines Flight 175 • 2,605 at the WTC • 64 on American Airlines Flight 77 • 125 at the Pentagon • 44 on United Airlines Flight 93

19. Al-Qaeda • Responsible for most attacks in 1990s, as well as Sept.11 • Founded by Osama bin Laden • Saudi billionaire • Moved to Afghanistan in 1980’s to support fight against Soviet Union • Called the fight a jihad • Recruited Muslim militants • Returned to Saudi Arabia after war ended, but was expelled • Moved to Sudan but was expelled for attacks against American in 1994 • Issued a declaration of war against US in 1996 because of US support of Israel and supporting Saudi Arabian monarchy • Issued a fatwa (religious decree) arguing the Muslims had a duty to wage a Holy War against the U.S.

20. Al-Qaeda • Means “foundation” • Created in 1990 to unite jihad fighters • Membership around 20,000 • Located in 34 countries • Several “cells” • Most live in ordinary society, called sleepers • Implicated in several bombings • Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Britain, Egypt, Jordan • Not a single unified organization • Number unknown • Use religion to justify attacks

21. Al-Qaeda cells • Cells • Spain • Kenya • Jemmah Isamiyah • Southeast Asia • Concentrated in Indonesia • Several bombings • Oct 12, 2002- killed 202 • Aug 5, 2003- killed 12 • Sept 9, 2004- killed 11 • Oct 1, 2005- killed 23

22. State Support for Terrorism • Several Middle East states have supported terrorism in recent years by: • Provide sanctuary for terrorists wanted by other countries • Supply weapons, money, and intelligence to other terrorists • Plan attacks using terrorists • Libya • Accused of sponsoring terrorists in 1986 bombing of Germany nightclub • US relations poor with Libya since 1981 • U.S. responded with air strikes in Tripoli and Benghazi • Libyan agents planted bombs on Pan Am Flight 170 in 1988 as well as on UTA Flight 772 • UN Sanctions followed • Libya “renounced” terrorism in 2003

23. Afghanistan • Civil war began in 1973 when king was overthrown • 5 years later a bloody coup was led by Soviet Union • Sent in 115,000 troops into Afghanistan in 1979 to quell the Muslim fundamentalists rebellion • Soviet Union withdrew in 1989 and the Soviet-backed government fell by 1992 • Taliban gained control over most of the country • 6 years of Taliban rule came to an end in 2001 following US invasion • Went after terrorists • Taliban harbored bin Laden • Removal of Taliban unleashed new struggle for control of Afghanistan • Taliban were able to regroup

24. Iraq • Saddam became president in 1979 • Iran-Iraq war 1980, ended in stalemate in 1988 • 1988 Hussein gassed Iraqi Kurds • 1990 Hussein invaded Kuwait • Led to Operation Desert Storm (U.S. led) • Allowed to stay in power as long as he disabled weapons program • U.S. linked Saddam to Al-Qaeda • U.S. invaded in 2003 • Changed to a focus on a new regime change after no WMDs found • Iraq is divided into 150 tribes • Most Iraqis have loyalty to tribes not government • Ethnic groups split into regions • Sunni vs Shiite war

25. Iran • Hostile with U.S. since 1979 revolution • The pro-US shah was overthrown • Ayatollah Khomeini proclaimed Iran an Islamic Republic • Rewrote constitution of Iran • Today US worried about: • Iran harboring and aiding terrorists • Building nuclear weapons

26. Pakistan • Created after Partition in 1947 • War of Terror has spilled into Pakistan • Pakistan is multi-ethnic state • Overwhelmingly Muslim • Taliban controls border with Afghanistan • Rugged, mountainous area • Hid bin Laden in Pakistan