Lebanon Area : 10,400 sq km about 0.7 times the size of Connecticut land: 10,230 sq km water: 170 sq km

1. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)Implementation In Lebanon: A Causal Recursive SystemAbdulrazzak Charbaji, Ph.DProfessor of Applied Statistics and Research Methodswww.charbaji.com

2. Lebanon Area : 10,400 sq km about 0.7 times the size of Connecticutland: 10,230 sq km water: 170 sq km border countries: Israel 79 km, Syria 375 km Population 3,727,703 (July 2003 est.)

3. http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/downloads.htmlhttp://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/downloads.html

4. http://www.chaostan.com/legal.html Lebanon. Mixture of French Civil Law and Ottoman Civil Law. 2.95. America and Switzerland both score 1.9. Russia and Albania are both 3.65, and Cuba, Laos and North Korea are the worst in the world, with 5.0.

5. http://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/indicators/ESI/rank.htmlEnvironmental Sustainability Index2002 Rankings Rank Country ESI 1  Finland  73  106  Lebanon  43.8  142  Kuwait  23.9 

6. The purpose of this paper is To look closely at the CSR  issue and to check if  Lebanese firms are  involved in corporate social responsibility

7. DEFINING CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY A review of related literature reveals that the definition of CSR remains a problematic issue

8. At one extreme Frankental believes  that CSR is ambiguous and indefinable term., which can mean any thing to anybody (Frankental, 2001).

9. At the other extreme   We find  a motivational definition that argues that CSR  is the fulfillment of a firm's self-actualization needs  (Tuzzolino and Armandi , 1981)

10. The legitimacy of CSR relates to fundamental and crucial questions as to why do corporations exist?

11. Should corporations be concerned • with social performance • as well as economic results?If so, • what is meant to be “socially responsible”? • Should economic performance • be sacrificed for social performance? • To whom does business owe “responsibilities’? • What kinds of activities • and programs should CSR include? • And to what extent should social responsibility • activities consume the company’s resources?

12. Carroll (1979) suggested that corporations • have four responsibilities to fulfill: • Economic, • Legal, • Ethical, and • Philanthropic

13. Ethical responsibilities derive their source of authority from religious convictions, moral traditions, and human rights commitments. Business’ social responsibility was to maximize profits, subject to the constraints of the law. (Carroll, 2001)

14. Novak (1996) defined seven responsibilities. • These are to: • Satisfy customers • Earn a fair return on the funds • entrusted to the corporation by its investors; • 3. Create new wealth, • 4. Create and maintain new jobs; • 5. Giving people the sense • that their economic conditions can improve; • 6. Promote innovation; and • 7. Diversify the economic interest of citizens • so to prevent the domination of the majority.

15. The Effect of CSR on Firm's Performance

16. previous empirical research has produced varied results • Some studies have argued for a positive relation (Moskowitz, 1972; Parket & Eibert, 1975).   • Whereas others have concluded that CSR has negative effects (Aupperle, Carroll, & Hatfield, 1985;  Vance, 1975)

17. REVIEW OF BASIC CSR THEORIES IN FINANCIAL ECONOMICS

18. The Property Rights Theory Rule Business only has an economic responsibility to make a profit while obeying the law. It implies that devotion of corporate resources to social causes is contrary to an implied contract with investors to maximize their profits.

19. The Social Institution Theory Public welfare is the primary concern Firms should provide employment opportunities for everyone, improve the environment, and promote worldwide justice even if it comes at the expense of profits

20. The Contractual Theory of the Firm A moderate and relatively recent view which now dominates the thinking in financial economics and that of public law

21. Company’s assets are provided by many groups including shareholders, such as employees, customers, suppliers, and the like, and so the company arises from the property rights and the right of contract of every corporate constituency, not just stockholders

22. Corporate Social Responsibility in Lebanon CSR is in its infancy stage in Lebanon & There is a scarcity of applied  research into CSR  in Lebanon

23. Lebanon’s Prime Minister Rafik Hariri wrote an article in which henotes that taking environmental issues seriously means that people are striving for a better quality of life

24. The Lebanese government • Tackled environmetal issues • such as: • Establishing an Environment Ministry, • Passing a clean – air Act, • Adopting a nation wild reforestation scheme, and • Including integrated environmental management in its policy statement.

25. A study prepared by the Mediterranean Environmental Technical Assistance Program (METAP) and the UNDP estimated the cost of environmental deterioration in Lebanon at US $565 million per year, that is around 3.9% of GDP. It is the most among other Arab countries covered by the assessment

26. Today, Sukleen , has 384 committed institutions that are enrolled in environmental campaign for resources and energy preservation This initiative is undertaken to provide an outlet to the recycling community

27. HSBC is funding teacher – training seminars

28. IDAL launched a new service on its website, the “Investors Matching Service”, which aims at facilitating the creation of strategic international – local partnership One of the main criteria used in the evaluation include employment effort, environmental soundness and social liability

30. The project aims to promote enhanced the active participation of UN volunteers business and local communities. The project is composed of two phases, an action research phase and a partnership promotion and building phase

31. Action Research • The action research phase includes: A qualitative research study aimed at businesses to investigate why and how they become involved in development initiatives.

32. Partnership promotion and building • The project offer individual companies tailor-made strategies that benefit both their firm and local communities. Various activities under the project include: • Awareness through written, audio visual, and virtual media (web-site and e-mail list). Identification and formation of partnerships between various stakeholders including UNDP, other lead UN agencies, civil society, local community-based associations and NGOs, businesses, associations, chambers of commerce, universities, etc. Organisation of a national workshop to bring together businesses and development actors together for brainstorming, dialogue and joint action. Publications including reports, brochures, newsletters, case studies, and a guidebook on business-community relations. Formulation of Project Document/Joint Project Proposals with UNV/UNDP/UN Agencies/ New Academy of Business.

34. This year Go Green in Lebanon is supported by UNDP and its projects at the Ministries of Environment and Agriculture along with the private sector

36. Schtroumpfa local restaurant chain Is the initiator and co-manager of the ‘Go Green’ project. Its practices include partnering with educational institutes to raise environmental awareness; continuously recycling and using recyclable products; and organizing a wide range of activities mainly targeting youth including environmental contests, forums, seminars, etc

37. FTML- Cellisa subsidiary of France Telecom worldwide group/Orange • The company applies strict rules and policies, which prevent pollution and degradation of the landscape in setting up their network. • in August 2000, the company launched a Childhood Protection support programs for children who are rejected, abused, exploited in their work environment, for whom education is not provided or who are at risk of delinquency.

38. Coca-Cola • The company has supported the Lebanese community in various causes including the environment. Recently the company launched the Cedar Roots project, which included building the first cedar forest in the South of Lebanon (Jezzine).

39. Tetra Pak East Med • Tetra Pak takes active measures to ensure that its activities and products are environmentally friendly Tetra Pak supports health and education through the development of the ‘Captain Mike’ school-feeding program that aims at providing better nourishment for children

40. To sum up, Even though CSR is becoming a corporate goal in Lebanon the international indices about Lebanon reveal that an imperative need exists for a project to identify gaps and opportunities in the provision of sustainable development

41. The Research Questions are: • What are the major characteristics • of the selected sample for the study? • 2. How many dimensions • underline the measuring instrument? • 3. What are the direct and indirect effects of the explanatory variables • to the explained variation in the dependent variable?

42. The present study involved   a sample of 406 including managers, assistant managers, directors, assistant directors