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Lecture 10 REPRESENTATIONS OF SYMMETRY POINT GROUPS. 1) Basis functions, characters and representations Each symmetry operation in a group can be represented by a matrix transforming a particular object ( basis function ) like the symmetry operation in the group does.
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Lecture 10REPRESENTATIONS OF SYMMETRY POINT GROUPS 1) Basis functions, characters and representations • Each symmetry operation in a group can be represented by a matrix transforming a particular object (basis function) like the symmetry operation in the group does. Finding matrix representation of the operations E, C2,sv, and s’vavailable in the C2v symmetry point group with vectors r , x, y or z as a basis function The operation E has the character c(E) = 1 with any of the vectors x, y or z chosen as a basis function and the character 3 with r as a BF The operation C2(z) hasc(C2) = 1 if zis chosen as a basis function, -1 if the basis function is x or y, and the character -1 with r as a basis function = matrix representing symmetry operation coordinates of original coordinatesof product =
2) Representations of the C2v symmetry point group = The operation sxz has the character c(sxz) = -1 if y is chosen as a basis function and 1 if the basis function is x or z and the character 1 with r as a BF The operation syz hasc (syz) = -1 if x is chosen as a basis function and 1 if the basis function is y or z and the character 1 with r as a BF • Virtually any function can be used as a basis function to build a representation of any particular symmetry operation available in a given symmetry point group. • x, y and z in the examples above are the most commonly used basis functions. • Rotations about a particular axis, either x, or y or z, are other commonly used basis functions. Their symbols are respectively Rx, Ry and Rz. matrix representing symmetry operation coordinates of original coordinatesof product =
3) Character tables The results can be summarized in the form of the following character table: • Sets of characters of all available symmetry operations, which correspond to one and the same basis function are combined into representationsGn (rows). • In character tables symmetry operations are combined into classes (column headings). For any two operations A and B inside one class the following is true: A=X-1BX, where X is another operation available in the group. A and B are called conjugate. • E, i, C2 or sh is always in a class by itself. sv’s (sd’s) may be in several different classes. • In some symmetry point groups (Cnv, D etc.) operations Cnm and Cnn-m (Snm and Snn-m if available) are in oneclass. • In other symmetry groups (Cn, Sn etc.) operations Cnm and Cnn-m (Snm and Snn-m) are not identical and are in two separate classes. • Reducible representations (G5above) can be decomposed into a combination of irreducible ones (G1 –G4above): G5 = G1+G3+G4 for the table above.
4) Some important relationships • The number of the irreducible representations in a group is equal to the number of the classes constituting it (four in the case of C2v group). This is simply the number of columns in a character table. • The order (dimension) of a symmetry group, h, is equal to the number of symmetry operations X constituting the group (four in the case of C2v group). To find it, add numbers of symmetry operations in all classes. • For any irreducible representation the sum of the squares of the charactersc(X) is equal to the group order h: • The sum of the squares of the orders (dimensions) of all irreducible representations constituting a group is equal to h. • Irreducible representations of a group are orthogonal to each other:
