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HIST2128 Germany, 1871-1933: From Empire to Republic

HIST2128 Germany, 1871-1933: From Empire to Republic. History and national identity of Germany Lecture 2 19 January 2012. Middle Ages (6-15 c.). 843: Treaty of Verdun : Charlemagne’s Empire divided into 3 parts → Eastern part = later Holy Roman Empire of German Nation

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HIST2128 Germany, 1871-1933: From Empire to Republic

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  1. HIST2128Germany, 1871-1933: From Empire to Republic History and national identity of Germany Lecture 2 19 January 2012

  2. Middle Ages (6-15 c.) • 843: Treaty of Verdun: Charlemagne’s Empire divided into 3 parts → Eastern part = later Holy Roman Empire of German Nation Since Charlemagne: Roman Empire Since 1157: Holy Roman Empire Since 1438: Holy Roman Empire of German Nation Since 1512: Official name

  3. Christianization and Colonization of ‘the East’, 12-15th c. German and Dutch settlers (12th-14th c.) in the Elbe and Oder territories: Mark Brandenburg, Pomerania, Silesia = The German ‘Movement to the East’ + The Order of the Teutonic Knights (1226 – 1466) in the Prussian lands on the Vistula = The Teutonic Order State

  4. German Movement to the East • Call of German monks / settlers by Slav tribal rulers on Elbe/Oder + in Brandenburg by Margrave Albrecht the Bear • German language + superior ‘Western’ Christian civilization prevailed but Slavic remnants still in proper names or with Wends + Sorbs people = Peaceful colonization: All-European process in Middle Ages = A kind of self-inspired ‘development aid’ by Slav rulers = Peaceful process of intermingling + amalgamation between Slavs + Germans = No real subjection or extermination of Slav natives

  5. The Teutonic Order State (I) • 1226 (Golden Bull of Rimini) - 1525 (Transformation into the Duchy of Prussia) • Blossom in 14th c.: Creation of a model colony + state • A monastic republic headed by an elected Grand Master (head of government) + his Chapter (his ministers), divided in 20 districts, governed by Comptrollers (controllers) with a convention (rules) of their own • An immigrant society with an efficiently working aristocracy (the ‘Estates’) • A rich state with important cities: Danzig (Gdansk), Elbing (Elblag), Königsberg (Kaliningrad)

  6. The Teutonic Order State (II) • Growing conflicts between ‘Estates’ (local aristocracy + patricians) ≠ dominating Order • Teutonic Knights regarded as alien rule + as closed-up recruitment system • In wars with Poland (15th c.): ‘Estates’ on enemy side = 1410 Battle of Tannenberg: First major defeat of Order • → Gradual decline and degeneration of Teutonic Order State

  7. Consequences - 50 Years of close intermarriage relations between Brandenburg + Prussia • 1618: Brandenburg + Prussia united in personal union : Elector Johann Sigismund (House of Hohenzollern) → One ruler but territory divided between German Empire (B) + Poland(P) = Important precondition for creation of Prussian Kingdom (1701)

  8. 1555: Peace of Augsburg • Territorial principle of cuius regio eius religio (Whose realm, his religion) = Compromise between Catholism and Protestantism, applied to Holy Roman Empire of German Nation → Territorial division along religious confessions → Churches as parts of state apparatus → Major religious wars, 16th C + 1618-48 → Long-term division of Empire into ca. 300 bigger and smaller single states

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