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Textbook

Textbook. An Introduction to Atmospheric Thermodynamics 2 nd Edition, 2007 Author: Anastasios A. Tsonis Publisher: Cambridge University Press Paperback: 187 pages ISBN: 978-0-521-69628-9 Amazon.com price : $49.50 + shipping, not in stock

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Textbook

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  1. Textbook • An Introduction to Atmospheric Thermodynamics 2ndEdition, 2007 • Author:Anastasios A. Tsonis • Publisher: Cambridge University Press • Paperback: 187 pages • ISBN: 978-0-521-69628-9 • Amazon.com price: $49.50 + shipping, not in stock • Bookstore price: $58.75 – 2-3 day delivery?

  2. Additional Textbooks • Atmospheric Thermodynamics – Bohren and Albrecht • Atmospheric Thermodynamics – Iribarne & Godson • Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere – Zdunkowski and Bott (advanced)

  3. Ch 1: Definitions • Energy– consider a point mass (mp) • Kinetic energy (K) : • Potential energy (P): • Total energy (E) - is conserved • N interacting point masses subject to external forces other than gravity • Internal kinetic energy (Ki) is K of all point masses about center of gravity • Internal potential energy (Pi) is P due to interactions between point masses • Sum of Pi and Ki is the Internal EnergyU

  4. Ch 1: Definitions (continued) • Energy • External forces can cause the center of gravity to move, and change the potential energy of all the masses • In Atmospheric Thermodynamics, we are only concerned with the Internal Energy • Conservative system: • Dissipative system:

  5. Ch 1: Definitions (continued) • A System = A sample of matter • In the atmosphere we use a parcel of air • Open system – one that exchanges matter & energy with its surroundings (environment) • Closed system – one that does not exchange matter with its environment (but can exchange energy) • Isolated system – one that exchanges neithermatter nor energy with its surroundings • For convenience, we assume, for the most part, that we are dealing with closed systems

  6. Ch 1: Definitions (continued) • What is a Parcel? • There really is no such thing – a convenience • Mass of air that maintains its identity during movement • Always in pressure equilibrium with environment • Temperature, density, composition may differ from the environment (surroundings) in which it exists • Does not exchange matter with environment (closed) • No mixing • Influenced by environment • Does not influence its environment (movement does not disturb the environment)

  7. Ch 1: Definitions (continued) • System • A parcel of air is a system • Can be open or closed – we generally assume closed • Closed systems are mathematically simpler to deal with (no matter exchange) • Parcel designation justified when: • Large enough to ignore mixing (exchange of matter) • Part of a larger, homogeneous system – if mixing occurs, it does not have an effect on the composition

  8. Ch 1: Definitions (continued) • State of a System • Completely defined when location and velocity of each point mass is known (N points, 6N variables) • For air, this would entail every molecule – not practical • In thermodynamics we use average properties • For a homogeneous fluid (air can be such) • State defined by V(geometry), p, and T– State Variables • Generalized Equation of State, f(p,V,T) = 0 • Any one of the state variables can be defined in terms of the other two

  9. Ch 1: Definitions (continued) • State of a System • Other thermodynamic variables that depend on state defined by 2 state variables called State Functions • State Functions – dependent variables • State Variables – independent variables • Changes in state variables and functions depend only on initial and final states, not on how change happened • If system is composed of a homogeneous mixture of components, we need the concentration of different components to define state • A non-homogeneous system must be divided into a number of homogeneous parts

  10. Ch 1: Definitions (continued) • State of a System • For a closed system: • chemical composition and its mass describe the system itself • Volume, pressure ,temperature describe the state of the system • Properties of the system can be described by: • Extensive variables - depend on mass (size) of system • Intensive variables are independent of mass (size) • Extensive converted to intensive by dividing by mass • Capital letters used for extensive variables (work, W, entropy, S) • Lower case letters used for intensive variables (specific work, w, specific heat, q) • Mass (m) and temperature (T) are exception to this rule

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