POPULATION ISSUES (UNFPA) ECN 4169 GROUP 4

1. POPULATION ISSUES (UNFPA) ECN 4169 GROUP 4

2. BOARD OF DIRECTOR CEO – MOHD RIDUWAN MOHD HUSSIN (133394) VICE CEO – MARDHIYAH SUHAIMY (132701) SECRETARY – HAZLIN ALI (133035) V. SECRETARY – SITI BALQIS MOHD SUKRIY (132698) TREASURER – ILYA SHIRATIM MUSTAKIM (131080) AUDITOR – SHASHA FAZANA CEO – MOHD RIDUWAN MOHD HUSSIN VICE CEO – MARDHIYAH SUHAIMY (132701) SECRETARY – HAZLIN ALI V. SECRETARY – SITI BALQIS MOHD SUKRIY TREASURER – ILYA SHIRATIM MUSTAKIM (131080) AUDITOR – SHASHA FAZANA MAZLAN (132879)

3. INTRODUCTION WHAT IS UNFPA????

4. UNFPA, the United Nations Population Fund, is an international development agency that promotes the right of every woman, man and child to enjoy a life of health and equal opportunity. • UNFPA supports countries in using population data for policies and programmes to reduce poverty and to ensure that every pregnancy is wanted, every birth is safe, every young person is free of HIV/AIDS, and every girl and woman is treated with dignity and respect.

5. DEFINITION OF POPULATION • A group of individuals of the same species occupying a particular geographic area. • Populations may be relatively small and closed, as on an island or in a valley, or they may be more diffuse and without a clear boundary between them and a neighboring population of the same species. • For species that reproduce sexually, the members of a population interbreed either exclusively with members of their own population or, where populations intergrade, to a greater degree than with members of other populations.

6. POPULATION ISSUES (UNFPA) • WOMEN AND CHILDREN RIGHTS • ENVIRONMENT • HEALTH • DEMOGRAPHICS

7. WOMEN AND CHILDREN RIGHTS

8. Teen mothers face high death risk • Teen mothers face high death risk complications during pregnancy and childbirth are the main killers of teenage girls in the developing world. • Some 70,000 girls aged up to 20 die each year, and one million babies born to child mothers do not live to their first birthday. Mother aged 10 to 14 in Bangladesh are up to five times more at risk .

9. Risks are also high for young mothers in Afghanistan, Bangladesh and Nepal in South Asia, Yemen in the Middle East and Guatemala, Haiti and Nicaragua in Latin America.

10. Supporting Adolescents and Youth • More than 1.5 billion people are between the ages of 10 and 25. As young people share ideas, values, music and symbols through mass media and electronic technology, a global youth culture has emerged. • They lack access to the technology and information. Many also face social inequality, poor schools, gender discrimination, unemployment and inadequate health systems.

11. ENVIRONMENT

12. Threats to International Security • Population growth is a major contributor to economic stagnation through its depressing effect on capital formation. With growing numbers of young people attempting to enter the labor force, many developing countries have extraordinarily high levels of unemployment. Often high rates of unemployment give rise to severe political instability, which ultimately threatens national and international security.

13. Environmental Threats • The expansion of human activity and associated loss of habitat are the leading causes of the unprecedented extinctions of plant and animal species worldwide. The loss of biological diversity leads to instability of ecological systems, particularly those that are stressed by climate change or invasion of non-native species.

14. Massive rural to urban migration in much of the developing world has overwhelmed water treatment systems, resulting in water pollution that leads to intolerable health conditions for many people. • Greenhouse gas emissions are increasing in developing countries, where populations are expanding most rapidly. In some of these countries, energy consumption and production of greenhouse gases is rising on a per capita basis as the countries' economies expand.

15. HEALTH

16. AIDS & HIV • AIDS is the leading cause of death worldwide among 15 to 59-year-olds. • The AIDS epidemic is a global catastrophe responsible for over 20 million deaths worldwide, tens of millions of children left orphaned, and some 33 million people living with HIV. Although global HIV prevalence has levelled off, AIDS is among the leading causes of death globally and remains the primary cause of death in Africa.

17. Each year, five million new people become infected with the HIV virus. • In sub-Saharan Africa, an estimated 25% of children will be AIDS orphans by the year 2010.

18. Improving Reproductive Health • Reproductive health problems remain the leading cause of ill health and death for women of childbearing age worldwide. Impoverished women, especially those living in developing countries, suffer disproportionately from unintended pregnancies, maternal death and disability, sexually transmitted infections including HIV, gender-based violence and other problems related to their reproductive system and sexual behaviour. Because young people often face barriers in trying to get the information or care they need, adolescent reproductive health is another important focus of UNFPA programming.

19. DEMOGRAPHICS

20. Hunger and Poverty • People are hungry not because of lack of availability of food, or “over” population, but because they are too poor to afford the food. • Politics and economic conditions have led to poverty and dependency around the developing countries. • If food production is further increased and provided to more people while the underlying causes of poverty are not addressed, hunger will still continue because people will not be able to purchase food.

21. Food dumping (Aid) maintains poverty • Even non-emergency food aid, which seems a noble cause, is destructive, as it under-sells local farmers and can ultimately affect the entire economy of a poor nation. • If the poorer nations are not given the sufficient means to produce their own food and other items then poverty and dependency may continue.

22. MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT • Migration is increasingly being perceived as a force that can contribute to development, and an integral aspect of the global development process. Migration considerations are being incorporated into Poverty Reduction Strategies and broader planning policies, and will have an impact on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. • Migration is often temporary or circular, and many migrants maintain links with their home countries. While migrants make important contributions to the economic prosperity of their host countries, the flow of financial, technological, social and human capital back to their countries of origin also is having a significant impact on poverty reduction and economic development. Remittances from migrants are a major source of capital for developing countries.

23. MIGRATION AND POPULATION GROWTH • High fertility and rapid population growth in some developing countries create pressures to emigrate by taxing infrastructures, education, health and social service systems and the environment. • At the same time, migration has become an important component of population growth in countries where fertility has declined. Some parts in Asia, migration is mitigating population decline resulting from below-replacement fertility and population ageing. Net migration has already either prevented population decline or contributed to population growth in a number of countries.

24. Prevention programmes

25. Prevention • Ensure that demographic and population factors are fully integrated into national, sectoral and local-level planning, in particular addressing the needs of the poor and the disadvantaged, and that the necessary skills are developed and continuously strengthened; • Promote research and strengthen the data and information base on population, sustainable development and poverty and make them available to planners and policy makers utilizing appropriate technologies and resources; • Emphasize human capital formation and infrastructural development as a strategy for promoting informed decision-making, paying special attention to inequalities and disparities in access to education, health, employment and microcredit;

26. Female education should get priority because it is negatively related to fertility. The extent of schooling received by females can affect their fertility by raising the age at marriaged, reducing the demand for children (because educated women face greater opportunity costs in having children) and facilitating the spread of knowledge about contraceptive methods. • Sustain initiatives to reduce the gender gap in employment. Improve women access to an employment and reduce marginalization of women in employment through the formulation of policies and programmes that address gender-based discrimination, and also reduce the negative impact of globalization on women’s employment, while recognizing its positive impact in empowering women and giving opportunities in decision-making.

27. Take measures to eliminate exploitation of children through vigorous policy actions and their effective implementation • Develop infrastructure and improve access to services not only in mega cities, but also in smaller cities, towns and rural areas whose local governments often do not have adequate resources or the capacity to manage them in a way that improves the quality of life of the population in both rural and urban areas. • Improve the investment climate in the medium and smaller-sized towns to enable residents and returning migrants to invest in employment- and income-generating activities, also considering the impacts on environmental conditions

28. Strengthen reproductive health policies and implement comprehensive integrated reproductive health care including family planning services throughout the health-care system and provide for financial allocations and other resources to facilitate the full functioning of these systems in terms of infrastructure, manpower, management information systems and commodity and contraceptive security; resources should be rationally allocated and used in a cost-effective manner; • Promote men’s understanding of their roles and responsibilities with regard to reproductive health and the reproductive rights of men and women supporting their partners as well as their own access to reproductive health care, including family planning services, helping to prevent unwanted pregnancy and reducing transmission of sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS, and promoting elimination of sexual and gender-based violence. • Abstaining from free sex, delaying the onset of sexual activity, staying with one mutually faithful partner, limiting the number of sexual partners, consistently and correctly using condoms, counseling and testing for HIV.

29. Conclusion

30. Population policy played major role in effort to achieve sustainable economic and social growth. • Partnership between non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and civil society should be enhanced consistently in matters related to gender equality, equity and empowerment of women. • International co-operation should be improved to eliminate the population problems such as poverty, unemployment, disease outbreak, environmental issues and others. • Urbanization process should be not concentrate in the particular areas only, its should be instead widen to the rural area to ensure balanced development between cities and rural area, reduce population congestion in the bigger city, and then can control the environmental pollution. • Increase awareness among the community on practicing family planning and the danger infectious diseases especially on the developing country that have lower per capita income. • Health and education facilities should be enhanced to ensure comfortable and better life in the future.