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The Reformation: Unveiling a Religious Revolution

Explore the seismic shift in power and belief during the Reformation era, triggered by Martin Luther and influential figures, shaping the future of Christianity and society.

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The Reformation: Unveiling a Religious Revolution

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  1. THE REFORMATION

  2. INTRODUCTION • The spirit of inquiry of the Renaissance and knowledge of widespread corruption in the Church led to new challenges of the Pope’s authority. • Entering clergy for power rather than faith • Unable to do job, had secret spouses and children • Papacy lost spiritual influence as Church hierarchy acted more like secular rulers than spiritual leaders

  3. THE BIG QUESTION • Would a Protestant reformation have occurred without Martin Luther? • What were the political, social, and religious changes that occurred as a result of the Reformation?

  4. EARLY REFORMERS • Erasmus (Dutch) – • promoted Christian humanism. • Called for reform in the Church. • Thomas More (English) – • Another Christian humanist that called for Church reform • Opposed King Henry VIII’s actions in creating a new church in England and was beheaded

  5. MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546) • A German monk and Bible scholar • Opposed the sale of indulgences • Pardons from punishment for sin • Church sold them to increase revenue for the Church • Posted Ninety-Five Theses (statements) on his Church door, challenging the Pope’s right to sell indulgences • Translated the Bible into German

  6. LUTHER’S BELIEFS • Neither priests nor Pope’s have special powers to provide salvation • Justification of faith – the only thing one needs to do to be saved is profess one’s faith • Individuals must read and understand the Bible for himself or herself to achieve this faith

  7. LUTHER’S FIGHT WITH THE CHURCH • Pope excommunicated him (in defiance, he publicly burned the decrees) • Was summoned to the Diet of Worms where he refused to recant (take back) his statements and was declared an outlaw • Received protection for a number of German princes • Started a new church, the Lutheran Church

  8. COMPARING LUTHERANISM AND CATHOLICISM (put on left side) • Lutheran Church • Belief in justification of faith as only necessity to salvation • Clergy not important (allowed to marry) • Bible as the only source of authority • Only two sacraments • Catholic Church • Belief in faith and good works as necessities to achieve salvation • Clergy (Church hierarchy) necessary and no marriage for clergy • Church hierarchy is an important source of authority • Seven sacraments are necessary

  9. LATER REFORMERS • Luther’s ideas spread quickly due to the printing press (Guttenburg) • John Calvin (1509-1564) started a new ProtestantChurch in Geneva (Switzerland) • Taught predestination (fate already decided by God) • Said while faith was the key to salvation, it was God who gave faith to some and denied it to others (only the “Elect” would be saved) • Stressed hard work and a strict moral code (no gambling, drinking, swearing, dancing, singing, etc.) • Saw worldly success as a sign of God’s favor

  10. THE CATHOLIC COUNTER-REFORMATION • Council of Trent – redefined Catholic beliefs and ended the sale of indulgences • Established the Inquisition – court to punish heretics (also banned Protestant books) • The Jesuits – an order of monks founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 dedicated to defending and spreading the Catholic faith

  11. POLITICAL IMPACT OF THE REFORMATION • Under the leadership of the Pope and support of the Holy Roman Emperor, Catholics checked the spread of Protestantism (even won back some areas) • Wars between Catholics and Protestants began in the 1520s and lasted for more than 100 years (about 1/3 of the German population was killed) • The power of secular rulers was strengthened

  12. ARTISTIC AND ECONOMIC IMPACT • Different styles of art emerged in Protestant and Catholic countries. • Catholic art glorified Jesus, Mary, and the Saints • Protestants specialized in landscapes or “still life” scenes (felt it was wrong to depict God) • Stimulated economic growth in N. Europe (Church no longer collected taxes) • Religious wars created a need for new goods, thus stimulating the economy

  13. LEFT SIDE ACTIVITY CREATE A CHART SUMMARIZING THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF THE REFORMATION CAUSES: REFORMATION EFFECTS:

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