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CHAPTER 2

CHAPTER 2. Perception of Self and Others. The Perception Process (page 24). William James, a famous psychologist in 1890 described a child’s word as a “one great blooming, buzzing confusion.” Perception is the process of selectively attending to information and assigning meaning to it.

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CHAPTER 2

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  1. CHAPTER 2 Perception of Self and Others

  2. The Perception Process (page 24) • William James, a famous psychologist in 1890 described a child’s word as a “one great blooming, buzzing confusion.” • Perception is the process of selectively attending to information and assigning meaning to it. • Perception is reality! • Attention / Selection • Organization • Interpretation

  3. Attention and Selection is based on… • Needs: biological and psychological • Interests: pertains to our interests • Expectations: what we expect

  4. A Sensory Test of Expectation Bird in the the hand Paris in the the spring time Once in a a lifetime

  5. Perception of Self: Self Concept and Self Esteem Self-Concept:(self-identity) the relatively stable set of perceptions you hold of yourself. (page 26) Self Esteem: overall evaluation of your competence and personal worthiness (page 26)

  6. Forming and Maintaining a Self-concept (page 26) • We form our self-concept based on • our own experiences and • others’ reactions and responses to us. • (We place a great deal of emphasis on the first experience we have with a particular phenomenon, particularly if it is a negative one - page 26 ) • The power of such comments is increased when the praise is immediate rather than delayed (Hattie, 1992) (page 27) • Our Ideal self-concept is what we would like to be! (page 27)

  7. Forming and Maintaining a Self-Concept (cont.) • Reflected Appraisals (Harry Stack Sullivan): The looking-glass self • Reflected appraisal - each of us develops a self- concept that matches the way we believe others see us • Significant others - people whose opinions we especially value • Self-esteem is not just how well or poorly we do things, but the importance or value we place on what we do well or poorly (page 28)

  8. Effects of Self-Esteem Someone with high self-esteem will • likely to be committed to a partner who perceives them favorably (Leary, 2002) – page 29 • attribute their success to hard work (Hattie, 1992) • take credit for their successes – page 33 / page 35 • defend their views Someone with low self-esteem will • likely to be committed to a partner who perceives them less favorably (Leary, 2002) – page 29 • attribute their success to luck (Hattie, 1992) – page 33 • overemphasize negative self-talk or may overinflate their sense of self-work • put themselves down to avoid hearing criticism of others – page 35

  9. Africa Thailand

  10. The Influence of Gender and Culture on Self-Perceptions Individualistic Cultures (page 30) • Self is separate, individuals should be independent • Individual should take care of him/herself and immediate family • Friends are based on shared interests and activities • Reward for individual achievement and initiative • High value on autonomy, individual security, equality Culture and the Self-Concept

  11. The Influence of Gender and Culture on Self-Perceptions Culture and the Self-Concept Collectivistic Cultures (page 30) • People belong to extended families or a group • Person should take care of extended family before self • Emphasis on belonging to a very few permanent in-groups • Reward for contribution to group goals • High value on duty, order, tradition, age, group security, status, and hierarchy

  12. Accuracy and Distortion of Self-Concept and Self-Perceptions • The self-concept is subjective and resists change (page 31) Cognitive conservatism: tendency to cling to an existing self-concept even when evidence shows that it is obsolete • Incongruence - gap between our inaccurate self-perceptions and reality. (page 31) • Unfortunately, our self-perceptions affect our behaviors more than our true abilities! (page 31)

  13. Accuracy and Distortion of Self-Concept and Self-Perceptions Individuals tend to reinforce their self-perceptions by adjusting their behavior to conform with their perceived self-conceptions (page 31) In other words, improving your perception of self will improve how you interact with others and improving how you interact with others will improve your self perception!

  14. Accuracy and Distortion of Self-Concept and Self-Perceptions • Our inaccuracy of our self-concept is magnified through: • Self-fulfilling prophecies • Filtering messages • media

  15. The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy (page 32) • Self-fulfilling prophecy - occurs when a person’s expectations of an event make the outcome more likely to occur than would otherwise have been true • When people expect rejection, they behave in ways that lead others to reject them (Downey, Freitas, Michaelis, Khouri, 2004) – page 32 • Types of self-fulfilling prophecies: Self-imposed prophecies Imposed prophecies by others • Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968) studied effects of self-fulfilling prophecies in elementary school…. what happened 8 months after beginning study?

  16. Filtering Messages • We pay more attention to messages that reinforce our current self-image and messages that contradict our self-image our downplayed (page 34)

  17. Influence of Media

  18. Influence of Media • Social Learning theory – we strive to copy characteristics and behaviors of characters we see as “ideal” – page 34 (Bandura, 1977) • Fiji – From 3% to 15% after 3 years – page 34 (Becker, 2004) • Young women’s perceptions of their bodies changed after 30 minutes of watching televised images of the “ideal” female form. Miss America? The Swan?

  19. Self-concept, self-esteem, and communication • Self-perceptions moderate self-talk: • internal conversations with ourselves (page 34) • Self-perception influences how we talk about ourselves with others: (page 35) • People with higher self-esteem and stronger self-concept usually take credit for their successes • Self-perceptions affect communication apprehension (page 35) • Those who suffer with communication apprehension tend to engage in negative self topic which leads to self-fulfilling prophecy (Richmond & McCroskey, 1995)

  20. Presenting The Self to Others • Perceived self– reflection of the self-concept, the person you believe yourself to be • Presenting self–public image, the way we want others to view us (We create different “selves” to present in different situations and with different people – page 35) • Erving Goffman used the word face to describe the presenting self. • Facework describes the verbal and nonverbal ways we act to maintain our presenting image and the image of others Public and Private Selves

  21. Presenting Self to Others • Self-Monitoring – being aware of yourself and how others see you! (page 36) • Social Construction of Self – we present different personas in response to different situations and relationships. We play roles! (page 36) • Roles - learned behaviors we use to meet the demands of a particular context. (page 36) • Identity Management – the communication strategies people use to influence how others view them. • Facebook??????

  22. Presenting The Self to Others • Manner – consists of a communicator’s words and nonverbal actions • Appearance –personal items people use to shape an image • Setting –physical items we use to influence how others view us How Do We Manage Identities? Face to Face Impression Management

  23. Perception of Others • Uncertainty reduction – we monitor our environment to learn more about ourselves and others. The more we learn about each other and find commonalities, the less uncertain we feel about each other. (page 37) • Social Perceptions are often made on the basis of physical characteristics and social behaviors. We stereotype! (page 37) • We judge one’s friendliness and intelligence on how physically attractive they are (Aronson, 1999) • We learn stereotypes from family, friends, coworkers, etc (Hall, 2002) (page 39)

  24. Perceptions of Others • Implicit Personality theories: assumptions people have developed about which physical characteristics and personality traits or behaviors are associated with another (Asch, 1946; Michener & DeLamater, 1999). (page 38) • Halo effect: you generalize and perceive a person has a whole set of characteristics when you have only observed one characteristic, trait, or behavior (Thorndike, 1920). ( page 38)

  25. Common Perceptual Tendencies • We make snap judgments • We often judge ourselves more charitably than we judge others – self-serving bias • We pay more attention to negative impressions than positive ones • We cling to first impressions, even if wrong • We tend to assume that others are similar to us

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