Musa mihi causas memora quo numine laeso,

1. Musa mihi causas memora quo numine laeso, Muse me causes remind what divine will injured quidve dolens regina deum tot volvere casus What or grieving queen gods’ many endure difficulties insignem pietate virum, tot adire labores  Famous piety man many undergo labors impulerit. Tantaene animis caelestibus irae? force Such ? souls heavenly anger Muse me causes remind what divine will injured what or grieving queen gods’ many endure difficulties Famous piety man many undergo labors

2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Musa mihi causas memora quo numine laeso, 4 2 1 1 2 O Muse, relate to me the causes, by what divine will thwarted, or grieving at what did the queen of the gods force a man famous for piety to endure such misfortune and to endure so many labors. 3 5 6 5 7 9 10 8 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 quidve dolens, regina deum tot volvere casus 8 12 22 11 12 22 18 16 14 14 13 17 17 16 17 18 19 20 21 insignem pietate virum, tot adire labores  15 20 20 19 21 22 impulerit

3. Class 3 Lectio 3 LATIN GRAMMAR • The parts of speech in Latin are the same as in English • nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions and interjections • Latin, however, has no article • Nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs are capable of inflection • for nouns, adjectives, pronouns this is called declension • for verbs this is called conjugation

4. Nouns • Latin nouns are the names of person, place, thing or quality • Three genders • masculine, feminine, and neuter • Most Latin nouns determine gender by Nom. Sing. ending

5. Number • Latin has two numbers, the singular and the plural • Singular denotes one object, the plural more than one Case • There are six cases in Latin • Nominative, case of subject Accusative, case of direct object • Genitive, objective with of Vocative, case of address • Dative, objective with to or forAblative, objective with by, from, in, with

6. The Latin Declensions • There are five declensions in Latin • Each declension is distinguished by • the final letter of the stem • the termination of the genitive singular DeclensionFinal letter of stemGen. Termination First a -ae Second o -i Third i -is Some consonant Fourth u -us Fifth e -ei

7. First Declensiona-stems Singular CasesMeaningTerminations Nom. porta a gate (subject) -a Gen. portae of a gate -ae Dat. portae to or for a gate -ae Acc. portam a gate (object) -am Voc. porta O gate! -a Abl. porta with, by, from, in a gate -a Plural Nom. portae -ae Gen. portarum -arum Dat. portis -is Acc. portas -as Voc. portae -ae Abl. portis -is

8. Second Declension Pure Latin nouns of the 2nd declension end in: masc. –us, -er, -ir neuter -um Stems horto- bello- Sing. Plural Nom. hortus -us bellum -um horti -i bella -a Gen. horti -i belli -i hortorum -orum bellorum -orum Dat. horto -o bello -o hortis -is bellis -is Acc. hortum -um bellum -um hortos -os bella -a Voc. horte -e bellum -um horti -i bella -a Abl. horto -o bello -o hortis -is bellis -is

9. Singular 2nd dec. in -er and -ir Stems puero- agro- viro- Plural

10. Third Declension • 3rd declension nouns end in –a, -e, -i, -o, -y, -c, -l, -n, -r, -s, -t, -x • There are several general types • Consonant stems (i.e. mute, liquid, nasal, or spirant) • i-stems • Consonant stems that are adapted to i-stems • Stems in –i, -u, and diphthongs • Irregulars • Declension is fairly complicated and will be covered over the semester • Gender Principles. Nouns ending in: • -o, or, -os, -er, -es are masculine • -as, -es, -is, ys, -x, -s, -do, -go, io, -us (long) are feminine • -a, -e, -i, -y, -c, -l, -n, -t, -ar, -ur, -us (short) are neuter

11. Third Declension General Endings Main confusion occurs in the nom. sing. This and the genitive singular, which gives the stem, must be memorized as a vocabulary item trabs, trabis (f.) tussis, tussis (f.) remex, remigis (m.) ignis, ignis (m.) vigil, vigilis (m.) hostis, hostis (c.) genus, generis (n.) mos, moris (m.)

12. Fourth Declension Nouns of the 4th declension end in –us (masc.) and –u (neuter)

13. Fifth Declension Nouns of the 5th declension end in –es dies: masc. res: fem

14. Defective Nouns Nouns used in the singular only [proper names e.g. Cicero] Nouns used in the plural only [geographical names e.g. Thebae] Nouns used only in certain cases [fors, forte, nom and abl. sing.] Indeclinable nouns [nihil, nefas]

15. Adjectives • Adjectives denote quality. They are declined like nouns and fall into two classes • Adjectives of the 1st and 2nd declensions • Adjectives of the 3rd declensions First and Second Declension Adjectives

16. Third Declension Adjectives Three terminations Two terminations One termination

17. Comparison of Adjectives • Three degrees of comparison: • Positive, Comparative and Superlative • The comparative is regularly formed by adding –ior (-ius) to the positive stem • The superlative is regularly formed by adding -issimus (-a, -um) to the positive stem Some adjectives vary the stem in comparison bonus meliro optimus parvus minor minimus • Many adjectives form the comparative and superlative by prefixing magis and maxime

18. Comparison of Adverbs • Most adverbs are derived from adjectives and depend upon them for comparison • Those derived from 1st and 2nd declension adjectives • change the –i of the gen. sing. to –e • carus care • Those derived from the 3rd declension • change the –is of the gen. sing. to –iter • acer acriter • The comparative is the same as the n. sing. comparative of the adjective • The superlative changes the –i of the gen. sing. of the adj. to –e • (carus) care carius carissime

19. Numerals • In Latin are of three types • Cardinals unus, duo • Ordinals primus, secundus • Distributives singuli, bini Numerals in Latin are declined

20. Pronouns Latin has eight classes of pronouns I. Personal V. Intensive II. Reflexive VI. Relative III. Possessive VII. Interrogative IV. Demonstrative VIII. Indefinite

21. Personal Pronouns • I, you, he, she, it, etc. 1st 2nd 3rd 1st 2nd 3rd ego tu is, ea, id nos vos ---- mei tui nostrum vestrum mihi tibi nobis vos me te nos vos ---- tu ---- vos me te nobis vobis nom. gen. dat. acc. voc. abl. (declined as a demonstrative) Reflexive Pronouns Third Person Gen. sui Dat. sibi Acc. se / sese Voc. ---- Abl. se / sese • myself, yourself, himself, etc. • 1st and 2nd persons are supplied by oblique cases of ego and tu

22. Possessive Pronouns my, thy, his, her, its our, your, their Latin possessive pronouns are treated as adjectives of the 1st and 2nd declension meus, -a, -um noster, nostra, nostrum tuus, -a, um vester, vestra, vestrum suus, -a, -um Pater suos liberos amat

23. Demonstrative Pronouns hic, this (where I am) iste, that (where you are) ille, that (something distinct from the speaker) is, that (weaker than ille) idem, the same Demonstratives of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd person respectively

24. Relative Pronouns who Nom. qui quae quod qui quae quae Gen. cujus cujus cujus quorum quarum quorum Dat. cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus Acc. quem quam quod quos quas quae Abl. quo qua quo quibus quibus quibus Interrogative Pronouns M. and F. Neuter Nom. quis quod Gen. cujus cujus Dat. cui cui Acc. quem quod Abl. quo quo Plural is same as relative pronoun

25. Indefinite Pronouns

26. Verbs • The inflection of verbs is called conjugation • Verbs have Voice, Mood, Tense, Number and Person • In Latin • Two voices • Active and Passive • Five Moods • Indicative, subjunctive, imperative, infinitive and participle • Six Tenses • Present Perfect • Imperfect Pluperfect • Future Future perfect

27. Personal Endings of the Verb Active Passive • -o; -m; -i (perf. indic.) -r • -s; -sti (perf. indic.); -to (imp.) -ris, -re; -re, -tor (imp.) • -t; -to (imp.) -tur; tor (imp.) Sing. • –mus -mur • -tis; -stis (pef. indic.); -te, -tote (imp.) -mini • -nt; -erunt (perf. indic.); -nto (imp.) -ntur; -ntor (imp.) Plural

28. Verb Stems Conjugation consists in appending certain endings to the stem. There are three different stems in a fully inflected verb

29. The Four Conjugations Infinitive termination Distinguishing vowel

30. The Verb “to be” (memorize)

31. First Conjugation Verbs – Active Voice

32. First Conjugation Verbs – Passive Voice

33. Second Conjugation Verbs – Active Voice

34. Second Conjugation Verbs – Passive Voice

35. Third Conjugation Verbs – Active Voice

36. Third Conjugation Verbs – Passive Voice

37. Fourth Conjugation Verbs – Active Voice

38. Fourth Conjugation Verbs – Passive Voice

39. Other Verb Forms • Verbs in -io of the 3rd conjugation are inflected with the endings of the 4th conjugation (pres. indic.) • Deponent Verbs have mostly passive forms, but active meaning • patior, pati, passus sum • Periphrastic conjugation • active uses the Future Active Participle with sum amaturus sum, I am about to love • passive uses the gerundive with sum • amandus sum, I am to be loved • Irregular, Defective and Impersonal Verbs

40. Adverbs • Most adverbs are in origin case-forms which have become stereotyped by usage • quo - whither qua - where hac - by this way aliquo - to some place Prepositions • Prepositions govern specific cases [must be memorized as a vocabulary item] • Prep. with the Accusative: ad, circa. contra, post, super, trans • Prep. with the Ablative: de, ex, pro, sine • The prep. in and sub govern both the Accusative and Ablative • in urbem, into the city in urbe, in the city Interjections In Latin, interjections are particles expressing emotion: surprise, joy, sorrow, calling