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Title IX: Education Amendments of 1972

Title IX: Education Amendments of 1972. Aaron Kochman Nick Parent Karina Vargas. Pre-1972 United States. Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Civil Rights Act of 1964 Kirstein v. Rector and Visitor of University of Virginia (1970). Title IX.

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Title IX: Education Amendments of 1972

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  1. Title IX: Education Amendments of 1972 Aaron Kochman Nick Parent Karina Vargas

  2. Pre-1972 United States • Brown v. Board of Education (1954) • Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Kirstein v. Rector and Visitor of University of Virginia (1970)

  3. Title IX “No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.”

  4. Exceptions • Section 1681. Sex • Section 1684. Blindness or visual impairment; prohibition against discrimination • Section 1686. Interpretation with respect to living facilities • Section 1687. Interpretation of “program or activity” • Section 1688. Neutrality with respect to abortion

  5. Main People Senator Birch Bayh (father of the Title IX) Representative Edith Green (Mother of Title IX) President Nixon Dr. Bernice Sandler (Godmother of the Title IX) Senator George McGovern Representative Pasty Pink

  6. Reasoning • 14 amendment “nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person with its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.” • Equal protection clause

  7. Examples • Grove City College v. Bell (1984) • Under Title IX, private schools could receive federal funds that refused direct federal funding, if they have a large number of students that receive federal scholarships • Jackson v. Birmingham Board of Education (2005) • Retaliation against a person because they complain of sex discrimination is a form of sex discrimination encompassed by Title IX • Cannon v. University of Chicago (1979) • Title IX contains an implied private cause of action

  8. Impact on Democracy Collegiate Degrees for Women After Title IX

  9. Impact on Democracy • Strive forward for Women’s Rights • Obama on Title IX • http://espn.go.com/espnw/title-ix/7722632/37-words-changed-everything

  10. References • http://www.dol.gov/oasam/regs/statutes/titleix.htm#.UJCBeWl26kQ • http://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/ge/aboutRE.html • http://www2.ed.gov/pubs/TitleIX/part3.html • http://www.law.umaryland.edu/marshall/usccr/documents/cr12en27.pdf

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