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Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804). Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics. 2 nd Pt. of the main transcendental problem. How is pure science of nature possible?. Universal Laws of Nature a priori. Examples “substance is permanent” “every event is determined by a cause according to constant laws”

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Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)

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  1. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics

  2. 2nd Pt. of the main transcendental problem How is pure science of nature possible?

  3. Universal Laws of Nature a priori Examples “substance is permanent” “every event is determined by a cause according to constant laws” How can these be both laws of nature and a priori?

  4. Cause-Effect prior to experience 1) “A judgment of perception can never rank as experience without the law that, whenever an event is observed, it is always referred to some antecedent, which it follows according to a universal rule,” 2) “Everything of which experience teaches that it happens must have a cause.” The first formulation is more accurate

  5. The Main Question Not how can we study the laws of nature through experience? But how are the conditions a priori of the possibility of experience at the same time the sources from which all universal laws of nature must be derived?

  6. Empirical Judgments All judgments of experience are empirical. All empirical judgments are not from experience. Why?

  7. A priori Concepts Special concepts must be superadded to empirical judgments. “Concepts which have their origin wholly a priori in the pure understanding, and under which every perception must be first of all subsumed and then by their means changed into experience” (45).

  8. Subjective vs. Objective Subjective: a judgment that holds good only for me in the present. Objective: a judgment that holds good always and for everyone.

  9. Subjective and Objective Judgments of perception are only subjectively valid Judgments of experience are objectively valid. The former require no pureconceptsofthe understanding.

  10. Subjective to Objective The shift from subjective to objective is the change in reference to a new object. Subjective judgments reference only the subject. Objective judgments reference a new object, one that is not the subject.

  11. Objective Validity Objective validity of the judgment of experience signifies necessary universal validity.

  12. Universal Validity Universally valid judgments or objective judgments means that the judgments of others will (must) agree with mine. This is only possible if there is one and the same object to which all the judgments refer.

  13. What is the object? What is the object to which we reference our judgments of experience? What is the object that permits us to make objectively valid judgments or universally valid judgments of experience? Hence, how is pure science of nature possible?

  14. Experience Perception: through the senses. Judging: (1) comparing perceptions, or (2) connecting the perception with consciousness in general (or the pure concepts of the understanding) and deriving human experience.

  15. Perception to Judgments of Experience Appearances must be subsumed under the the pure concepts of the understanding “special concepts must be superadded – concepts which have their origin wholly a priori in the pure understanding, and under which every perception must be first of all subsumed and then by their means changed into experience”(45).

  16. Pure Concepts of the Understanding

  17. Judgments and Pure Concepts RELATION Categorical Judgments – Substance “Gold is yellow” Hypothetical Judgments – Cause “If there is a fire, then there is smoke.” Disjunctive Judgments- Community “A or B or C or D or …etc.”

  18. Judgments PURE CONCEPTS OF THE UNDERSTANDING TIME THING IN ITSELF APPEARANCES SPACE

  19. A priori Principles of Possible Experience Rules: Judgments as the union of given representations in a consciousness. If union is necessary than rules are a priori. If they cannot be deduced from higher rules, they are principles.

  20. Problem Solved How is pure science of nature possible? “The principles of possible experience are then at the same time universal laws of nature, which can be known a priori” (53).

  21. Copernican Revolution The Laws of Nature are not derived from experience rather experience is derived from the Laws of Nature.

  22. Copernican Revolution It is not the external world that produces the experience but rather it is us who affect the external world and produce the experience (hence, critical idealism)

  23. Contrary to Hume The understanding does not derive its laws from, but prescribes them (a priori) to, nature (67).

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