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MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub

Virginia Concrete Conference March 4, 2011. Year 1 Findings. MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub. John M. Prentice Vice President Industry Liaison – PCA . A Brief History . November 2010. December 2009. August 2010. October 2009. July 2010. May 2009. Goals and Projects of CSHub.

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MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub

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  1. Virginia Concrete Conference March 4, 2011 Year 1 Findings MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub John M. Prentice Vice President Industry Liaison – PCA

  2. A Brief History November 2010 December 2009 August 2010 October 2009 July 2010 May 2009

  3. Goals and Projects of CSHub • Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) • Goal: Develop a complete • understanding of CO2e of • concrete in: • Pavement • Buildings • SHORT-TERM BENEFITS TO • INDUSTRY • Concrete Sciences (CSP) • Goal: Develop a first principle • understanding of Cement and • cement based systems. • More with Less • Higher Performances • MEDIUM-TERM BENEFITS TO • INDUSTRY • Sustainable and Holistic Development of the Cement and Concrete Industry. • Develop information useful to policy and code • Introduce transformational strategies for new technologies

  4. Introduction to MIT CSHub Life Cycle Assessment Concrete Science

  5. CSHub@MIT: Industry–Academia Partnership Life Cycle Assessment Concrete Science Industry Input Industry Input Concrete Sustainability Hub (PCA, RMC, MIT) Industry Advisory Committees

  6. Life Cycle Assessment PIs: John Ochsendorf, Les Norford, and Timothy Gutowski

  7. Motivations for LCA work 2) Increasing recognition that green design includes the construction phase and the operating phase of structures 3) Advantages of concrete construction in lowering the emissions in the operating phase • Growing demand for sustainability and quantifying performance of structures

  8. Significance Pre-use phase Use phase End of life • MIT’s LCAs assess all life cycle phases as comprehensively as possible • Buildings and pavements under study represent designs built to codes/standards • Results are shown in terms of energy usage and Global Warming Potential (lbs CO2e)

  9. Outcomes of the LCA Project Quantify advantages over full life cycle Identify areas for improvement Build foundations for future studies

  10. Software: GaBi 4 • Leading life cycle assessment program • Data for LCA is: • Obtained from peer-reviewed sources • Taken from in-house database • Input from outside sources • Convenient impact assessment interface

  11. Life Cycle Assessment of Pavements Mehdi Akbarian, Alex Loijos, Nicholas Santero PIs: John Ochsendorf and Tim Gutowski

  12. Problem Statement • Goal: • We want to make pavements more sustainable • Find the largest opportunitiestoreduce emissions in the pavement life cycle? • Scope: • LCA of High, Moderate, and low volume roadways • Functional Unit: 1 mile of roadway • Analysis Period: 50 years System Boundary

  13. LCA Approach Where:

  14. Pavement-Vehicle Interaction • Pavement Roughness Pavement parameters: • Pavement type and structure • Pavement temperature Pavement Deflection

  15. Deflection Effect: Asphalt vs. Concrete National Research Council of Canada (NRC) Effect of Pavement Type on Vehicle Fuel Consumption - Phase III The effect of pavement-vehicle interaction on fuel consumption is attributed to flexible pavements as additional GHG emissions.

  16. Roughness Effect

  17. Model Scenarios High volume road: • Route 101 in Oxnard, CA (at Route 232 junction) • 65 mph highway • 3 lanes each direction + 4 shoulders • Daily traffic: 139,000 • (Of which trucks: 6,672) Moderate volume road: • Route 67 in Ramona, CA (at Route 78 junction) • 35 mph urban road • 2 lanes in each direction + 4 shoulders • Daily traffic: 23,400 (Of which trucks: 1,357) Low volume road: • Route 178 in Sequoia National Forest • 35 mph rural road • 1 lane in each direction • Daily traffic: 5,200 (Of which trucks: 468)

  18. Full Life Cycle Emissions for Different Traffic Volumes Moderate volume High volume Low volume

  19. Pavement LCA – In Summary • Concrete production emissions are comparable to asphalt, but concrete use phase emissions are lower • High traffic volume concrete highways may have up to 80% lower emissions for the entire life cycle compared to asphalt highways because of the greater fuel efficiency of vehicles driving on concrete pavements. • But no two pavements are alike • The total carbon footprint of a pavement can vary by two orders of magnitude depending on the traffic volume, rehabilitation schedule, and many other assumptions. • Pavement roughness and deflection are still not completely understood • No one has accurately quantified their interactive effects, the effect of each pavement layer, nor the effect of temperature. • Studies have not accurately quantified the effect on fuel consumption due to pavement type, structure, roughness, and vehicle weight over the life of a pavement

  20. Work for Year Two • Continue ISO peer review process to have an expert critical review of our LCA study. • Policy Analysis - Analyze scenarios that quantify the carbon emissions associated with proposed renewal and improved upkeep of the national highway system. • Combine with life cycle economic costing to understand the economic impact of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. • Refine fuel consumption models to better account for pavement-vehicle interactions and to instill greater confidence in fuel savings due to pavement design.

  21. Life Cycle Assessment of Buildings PIs: John Ochsendorf, Les Norford

  22. Projects Commercial Buildings Residential Buildings Single family • 2,400 ft2 total floor area • 2 stories • Glazing ratio – 15% • Insulated roof (per code) Multi-family • Large Commercial Office Building • 500,000 ft2 • 12 Stories + Basement • 40% Glazing • 60% Aluminum Panel Rain Screen • VAV System • 10,800 ft2 total floor area • 4 stories • 2700 ft2 Floor plate • Glazing ratio – 18%

  23. Energy Modeling Scope ENERGY USE HVAC System Type System Sizing Fuel Type CoP or Efficiency Temperature Setpoints Schedule HVAC Lights, People, Equipment Schedule InternalGains Glazing Ratio Glazing Properties Envelope Properties and Dimentipns Solar Gains Air Infiltration Fuel Schedule Plug Loads & Lighting Fuel Type Efficiency Schedule Hot Water Production

  24. Life Cycle Assessment of Commercial Buildings Andrea Love, AIA, LEED A.P. Libby Hsu, SMBT

  25. Commercial Building Results

  26. Year Two Work • LCA Sensitivity Study • Strategies to reduce CO2e of concrete • More efficient material usage • Envelope Assemblies • Thermal mass • Percent glazing • Albedo • Thermal bridging • Advanced HVAC Strategies • Passive strategies • Active strategies

  27. Life Cycle Assessment of Residential Buildings Jason Tapia, M.S., AIA, LEED AP MarzenaKasiaFydrych, M.S., M.Eng. Lori E. Ferriss, M.Eng. Michael Street, B.S. Candidate

  28. Wall Systems Insulated Concrete Forms (ICF) Wood Frame • Industry requested a comparison of ICF versus wood frame construction

  29. RESULTS: Single Family GWP Life Cycle

  30. RESULTS: Multi-Family GWP Life Cycle

  31. Work for Year Two • Passive Strategies • Developing techniques for improving the operation of concrete homes based on regional specificity • More research is needed to improve air tightness data for low rise construction • Prototype Homes • Designing next generation concrete homes

  32. LCA: Year One Accomplishments • Three teams • Architecture • Building Technology Program • Civil Engineering • Mechanical Engineering • Technology and Policy Program • Material Science • Comprehensive LCA models • Pavements • Building • Foundation for further studies • Identifying competitive advantages and areas of improvement

  33. For more information: web.mit.edu/cshub cshub@mit.edu

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