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Chemistry Basics: The Essentials & Formulas You Need to Know

Explore essential elements, symbols, ions, compounds, and formulas in introductory chemistry. Learn about diatomic molecules, balancing reactions, and lab experiments to produce and test gases like CO2, H2, and O2. Crack the basics of naming compounds and understanding atomic structures.

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Chemistry Basics: The Essentials & Formulas You Need to Know

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  1. Year 12 What you should know already

  2. Part 1 – The obvious ones: Elements and symbols that you should know: • Hydrogen • Helium • Lithium • Beryllium • Boron • Carbon • Nitrogen H He Li Be B C N • Oxygen • Fluorine • Neon • Magnesium • Aluminium • Silicon • Phosphorus O F Ne Mg Al Si P

  3. Some more obvious ones: • Sulphur • Chlorine • Argon S Cl Ar 18) Calcium 19) Zinc Ca Zn The less obvious ones: • Sodium • Potassium • Iron • Copper • Silver Na K Fe Cu Ag 6) Tin 7) Gold 8) Mercury 9) Lead Sn Au Hg Pb

  4. What is an ion? • An anion is an atom that has gained electron(s) to form a (-) ion e.g Cl- (Chloride) S2- (Sulfide) or a cation is an atom that has lost electron(s) to form a (+) ion e.g Na+ (Sodium) Fe2+ (iron (ll) ion) (aka Ferric ion) Fe3+ (iron(lll) ion ) (Ferrous)

  5. Write the ion or name beside the following The formula for Ions that you should know: H + CO32- Li + Mg 2+ 0 2- SO42- Na + Fe 2+ Hydroxide ion Sulphide ion Chloride ion Nitrate ion Aluminium ion Lead ion Calcium ion Iron (lll) • Hydrogen ion • Carbonate • Lithium ion • Magnesium ion • Oxide • Sulphate • Sodium ion • Iron (ll) ion • OH - • S 2- • Cl - • NO3- • Al 3+ • Pb 2+ • Ca 2+ • Fe 3+

  6. Atoms and elements A substance made of one type of atom is called an element e.g. a piece of Aluminium (symbol Al) consists of only aluminium atoms bonded together and is called an element.

  7. Molecules • Some elements are unstable as single atoms and only exist as 2 atoms bonded together to form a molecule. These are usually gases e.g H2 , N2, Cl2, O2

  8. Compounds and Molecules Some compounds are molecules that contain 2 or more different atoms covalently bonded together. Some common molecular compounds are: • CO2 (carbon dioxide) • H2O (water) • CH4 (methane) • C6H12 O6 (glucose)

  9. Naming compounds • Name the following elements • H2 • N2 • O2 • F2 • Cl2 • Br2 These elements always go around in pairs (diatomic molecules). For example, hydrogen looks like this: Rule – If two identical elements combine then the name doesn’t change hydrogen flourine nitrogen chlorine oxygen bromine

  10. Some simple compounds… Methane, CH4 Key Hydrogen Oxygen Carbon Sulphur Sulphuric acid, H2SO4 Carbon dioxide, CO2 Water, H2O Ethyne, C2H2

  11. Simple formulae to learn H2O CO2 NH3 H2 O2 N2 SO2 Water Carbon dioxide Ammonia Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sulphur dioxide NaCl CaCl2 MgO HCl H2SO4 HNO3 NaOH Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 Al2O3 Fe2O3 Sodium chloride Calcium chloride Magnesium oxide Hydrochloric acid Sulphuric acid Nitric acid Sodium hydroxide Calcium hydroxide Calcium carbonate Aluminium oxide Iron oxide

  12. Formulae What do the numbers mean in: H2SO4 Mg(OH)2 3 NH3 How many atoms of each type are there in: H3PO4 Al2(CO3)3

  13. Balancing Reactions Mg + O2 Zn + HCl Fe + Cl2 NaOH + HCl CH4 + O2 Ca + H2O NaOH + H2SO4 CH3OH + O2 MgO ZnCl2 + H2 FeCl3 NaCl + H2O CO2 + H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2 Na2SO4 + H2O CO2 + H2O 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 4

  14. How could you produce CO2 in the lab? Add calcium carbonate to some acid eg HCl or H2SO4 How would you test for the CO2 gas? By bubbling it through limewater ( a solution of Ca(OH)2 ) and observing the solution go milky.

  15. How could you produce H2 in the lab? Add Mg to some acid eg HCl or H2SO4 How would you test for the gas? By igniting the gas using the pop test.

  16. How could you produce O2 in the lab? manganese dioxide and hydrogen peroxide in a test tube produces oxygen gas How would you test for the O2 gas? By placing a glowing splint into the tube and seeing if it would relight

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