Maxims

1. Maxims • “Knowledge is of two kinds. We know a subject ourselves or we know where to find information on it” (Samuel Johnson Boswell'sLife of Johnson)

2. Maxims • “Knowledge is of two kinds. We know a subject ourselves or we know where to find information on it” (Samuel Johnson Boswell'sLife of Johnson) • “Intelligence is not the ability to store information but the ability to find it” (Albert Einstein) • “If you can't explain something simply, you don't know enough about it” (Albert Einstein)

3. Teaching and Research Interests • Describing public policy in the United States • The way in which governments, organizations, and individuals interact • to organize space and create places • to organize behavior that has visible effects – land use

4. Teaching and Research Interests • Describing public policy in the United States • The way in which governments, organizations, and individuals interact • to organize space and create places • to organize behavior that has visible effects – land use • (A)ny landscape is an artifact - an object made by man. Its condition, rightly seen, reveals a society's culture as directly as does a novel or a newspaper or a Fourth of July oration because today's environment, the "natural part included, is synthetic • (Roderick Nash The American Environment: Readings in the History of Conservation, 1968 ix)

5. Teaching and Research Interests • United States • Minnesota (includes local governments) A heuristic device

6. We organize human behavior • Through a system of  incentives (carrots) and penalties (big sticks) that coerces entities – individuals, organizations, and governments – to behave in particular ways • Defines, promotes, protects, and enforces acceptable behavior • Defines, promotes, protects, and enforces unacceptable behavior • So making certain behavior more attractive/rational/profitable than another

7. We organize human behavior • Through a system of  incentives (carrots) and penalties (big sticks) that coerces entities – individuals, organizations, and governments – to behave in particular ways • Defines, promotes, protects, and enforces acceptable behavior • Defines, promotes, protects, and enforces unacceptable behavior • So making certain behavior more attractive/rational/profitable than another • And providing a context in which individuals, corporations, and governments make decisions about behavior

8. Part 1. “Science and politics in the United States” – described the interaction of research, money, and federal politics • Part 2. Information generated by the federal mission agencies concerning “Natural Hazards in the United States” • How we spend money on generating new knowledge about the earth atmospheric and geological processes – understanding the temporal and spatial occurrence of natural hazards

9. Part 1. “Science and politics in the United States” – described the interaction of research, money, and federal politics • Part 2. Information generated by the federal mission agencies concerning “Natural Hazards in the United States” • How we spend money on generating new knowledge about the earth atmospheric and geological processes – understanding the temporal and spatial occurrence of natural hazards

10. Disasters and Emergencies The cycle of disaster law

11. Science and Politics • It’s a matter of • National priorities – what do want/need? • Willingness to spend money • Willingness to raise money

12. Science and Politics • It’s a matter of • National priorities – what do want/need? • Willingness to spend money • Willingness to raise money • What is the appropriate role and responsibility of the federal government? • How much government do we want?

13. Science and Politics • It’s a matter of • National priorities – what do want/need? • Willingness to spend money • Willingness to raise money • What is the appropriate role and responsibility of the federal government? • How much government do we want? • How much government have we got?

14. Natural Hazards • A naturally occurring event with a potential impact on individuals that does not affect human beings is a natural hazard • A hazardous event that causes large numbers of fatalities and property damage and disrupting the economic, social, and cultural life of many becomes anatural disaster • Some natural hazards may cause a natural disaster – loss of human lives, • humans living on faults in the earth’s crust - San Francisco earthquake (1906) • humans living in low-lying areas – hurricane Katrina, hurricane Sandy • humans living in dry areas - U.S. Drought Monitor

15. >95 percent of all deaths caused by disasters occur in developing countries, and losses due to natural disasters are 20 times greater in developing countries than in industrialized countries

16. Natural Hazards • Not caused by humans but may be exacerbated by humans who live in areas where natural hazards occur – injection wells and earthquakes, prescribed burns, climate change • Considerable effort in understanding the processes that cause natural hazard events • Temporal occurrence – periodicity • Spatial occurrence – geographical pattern

17. Classification • Geological – avalanche, earthquake, volcanic eruption, sinkhole • Atmospheric – extremes of precipitation and temperature, tornado, hurricane • Asteroid collision • Wildfires

18. Classification • Geological – avalanche, earthquake, volcanic eruption, sinkhole • Atmospheric – extremes of precipitation and temperature, tornado, hurricane • Asteroid collision • Wildfires • Biodiversity – not a natural hazard for the most part • Climate change – involving several linked events – is probably not a natural disaster

19. Self-help Resources

20. <Natural Hazards> (Google 27,200,000 results) • Natural Hazard Books (Google Books) • Natural Hazards Books (University of Minnesota Libraries Catalog) • Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences – journal • Natural Hazards Observer (Natural Hazards Center, University of Colorado at Boulder) • Natural Hazards Review – journal • Natural Hazards – journal

21. Natural Hazards – Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards • Editorial policy • “devoted to original research work on all aspects of natural hazards, including the forecasting of catastrophic events, risk management, and the nature of precursors of natural and technological hazards” • Coverage includes such categories of hazard as atmospheric, climatological, oceanographic, storm surges, tsunamis, floods, snow, avalanches, landslides, erosion, earthquakes, volcanoes, man-made and technological, as well as risk assessment

22. Federal Policy on Hazards • USA.gov • <natural hazards> “about 1,130,000 results” • <natural disaster> “about 1,220,000 results” • Disasters and Emergencies • DisasterAssistance.gov • The Evolution and Structure of Natural Hazard Policies (Public Administration Review, 1985) • National Academies. Natural Hazards: Expert Reports

23. The National Academies (est. 1863) • National Academy of Sciences • National Academy of Engineering (est. 1964) • Institute of Medicine (est. 1970) • National Research Council (est. 1916)

24. National Academy of Sciences • Charged with providing independent, objective advice to the nation on matters related to science and technology • Scientists are elected by their peers to membership in the NAS for outstanding contributions to research • The NAS is committed to furthering science in America, and its members are active contributors to the international scientific community • Nearly 500 members of the NAS have won Nobel Prizes, and the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, founded in 1914, is today one of the premier international journals publishing the results of original research • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences • Issues in Science & Technology • National Academies Press

25. Organization chart • Division of Earth & Life Sciences • Board on Agricultural and Natural Resources • Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate • Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology • Board on Earth Sciences and Resources • Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology • Board on Life Sciences • Disasters Roundtable • Institute for Laboratory Animal Research • Nuclear and Radiation Studies Board. • Ocean Studies Board • Polar Research Board • Water Science and Technology Board

26. Federal Policy Deconstructed

27. Public Policy Legislation Mandate Appropriations Congress Agency Legislation LAW – PUBLIC POLICY

28. Public Policy Legislation Mandate Appropriations Congress Agency Legislation Courts LAW – PUBLIC POLICY

29. Public Policy Legislation Mandate Appropriations Congress Agency Legislation Courts Regulation LAW – PUBLIC POLICY

30. Public Policy Legislation Mandate Appropriations Congress Agency Legislation Courts Regulation LAW – PUBLIC POLICY

31. Public Policy Legislation Mandate Appropriations Congress Information about earth’s atmospheric and geological processes Agency Legislation Courts Regulation LAW – PUBLIC POLICY

32. Legislative Branch

33. Congress • U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security & Governmental Affairs - among the Committee’s responsibilities are the Census and collection of statistics, Congressional organization, the federal Civil Service, government information …. • Hurricane Katrina: A Nation Still Unprepared S. Rpt. 109-322 • U.S. House Committee on Homeland Security. Subcommittee, Emergency Preparedness, Response, and Communications (Democratic Site)

34. Congress • Congressional Hazards Caucus • Hazard Caucus Alliance Fact Sheets • Maps • Current Legislation • Research, Data and Tools

35. General Legislation • The Federal Disaster Relief Act of 1966 • Disaster Relief Act of 1969 • Disaster Assistance Act of 1970 • Flood Disaster Protection Act of 1973 • Disaster Relief Act of 1974 • Creation of Federal Emergency Management Agency in 1978  • 1988 Robert T. Stafford Relief and Emergency Assistance Act • Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (PL 106-390) • History of Disaster Legislation

36. Specific Legislation • 2004 National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program Reauthorization Act of 2004 • 2005 Coast Guard Hurricane Relief Act of 2005 • Katrina Emergency Tax Relief Act of 2005 • TANF Emergency Response and Recovery Act of 2005 • Tsunami Warning and Education Act • 2006  Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense, the Global War on Terror, and Hurricane Recovery

37. Specific Legislation • 42 United States Code The Public Health and Welfare • <Disaster> 656 results <Natural Hazards> 16 results • National Flood Insurance (1968) • Earthquake Hazards Reduction (1977) • Windstorm Impact Storm Reduction (2004) • Other legislation • Southwest Forest Health and Wildfire Prevention Act of 2004

38. Appropriations Legislation • July 10, 2012 • “The Committee on Appropriations submits the following report in explanation of the accompanying bill making appropriations for the Department of the Interior, the Environmental Protection Agency, and Related Agencies for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2013” • p.3 “The fiscal challenges facing our country today are evident in record Federal budget deficits and our staggering national debt. Today, the Federal government borrows over 40 cents for each dollar that it spends. While our country’s fiscal challenges can’t be addressed with cuts to discretionary programs, alone, the Committee has an obligation to reverse unsustainable patterns of spending growth”

39. Appropriations Legislation • “Within Natural Hazards, the bill includes the following program decreases, as requested: $300,000 from volcano observatory assessments; and $700,000 from the National Volcano Early Warning System • “The Committee recognizes that earthquakes are a destructive and costly natural hazard threat to the United States. Given that many regions remain vulnerable to earthquake hazards, the Committee encourages the Survey to continue its efforts with partner stakeholders in research, development, and outreach to increase preparedness across the country. Furthermore, the Committee recognizes the importance of a robust earthquake monitoring network to the safety and vitality of our Nation and encourages the Survey, in conjunction with stakeholders, to continue efforts to maintain and develop the Advanced National Seismic System in order to enable early earthquake warnings.”

40. Executive Branch

41. Office of Science and Technology Policy • Established by Congress in 1976 – mandate to advise the President and others in the Executive Office of the President on the effects of science and technology on domestic and international affairs • Authorized to lead interagency efforts to develop and implement sound science and technology policies and budgets, and to work with the private sector, state and local governments, the science and higher education communities, and other nations

42. National Science and Technology Council • Established by Executive Order on November 23, 1993 this Cabinet-level Council coordinates science and technology policy across the entities involved in Federal R & D • Primary objective is to establish clear national goals for Federal science and technology investments in a broad array of areas spanning virtually all the mission areas of the executive branch • NSTC Organization • NSTC Documents and Reports • NSTC Committee on Environment, Natural Resources, and Sustainability • Subcommittee on Disaster Reduction - Mitigating natural and technological disasters requires a solid understanding of science and technology, rapid implementation of research information into disaster reduction programs and applications, and efficient access to diverse information from both public and private entities

43. United States Geological Survey • Providing reliable scientific information to describe and understand the Earth; minimize loss of life and property from natural disasters; manage water, biological, energy, and mineral resources; and enhance and protect our quality of life • USGS Science Strategy • Natural Hazard Mission Area • Natural Hazards Science Strategy – “The mission of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in natural hazards is to develop and apply hazard science to help protect the safety, security, and economic well-being of the Nation” • Office of Budget, Planning, and Integration

44. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (US Department of Commerce) • Established 1807 as the Survey of the Coast • NOAA Satellite and Information Service • National Geophysical Data Center • NOAA National Ocean Service • NOAA National Weather Service • National Hurricane Center • Historical Hurricane Tracks • NOAA Research • NOAA In Your State and Territory <Minnesota> • The FY 2013 Federal Budget for NOAA

45. National Atmospheric and Space Administration • Established 1958 by the National Aeronautics and Space Act to encourage peaceful applications in space science • Earth - The purpose of NASA's Earth science program is to develop a scientific understanding of Earth's system and its response to natural or human-induced changes, and to improve prediction of climate, weather, and natural hazards • A major component is a coordinated series of satellite and airborne missions for long-term global observations of the land surface, biosphere, solid Earth, atmosphere, and oceans • Earth Observing System Data and Information System • Airborne Science Program • Fire and Smoke • NASA’s FY 2013 Budget

46. National Science Foundation • an independent federal agency created by Congress in 1950 "to promote the progress of science; to advance the national health, prosperity, and welfare; to secure the national defense… • Interdisciplinary Research in Hazards and Disasters • Progress Made in Developing Systems for Disaster Mitigation • Disasters • Learning from Haiti • Climate Change

47. Earthquakes

48. Distribution of earthquake epicenters from 1975 to 1995

49. The Paradigm of Plate tectonics • The now-accepted way of describing the large-scale motions of Earth's lithosphere (the rigid outermost layers) – and “explaining” the distribution of volcanoes and earthquakes – not however, the timing of volcanic eruptions earthquakes • It builds on the concepts of continental drift, which described the apparent movement of the Earth's continents relative to each other • The hypothesis that the continents had once formed a single landmass before breaking apart and drifting to their present locations was first presented by Alfred Wegener to the German Geological Society on 6 January 1912. • Similar plant and animal fossils are found on different continents • Similar geological structures are found on different continents • Continents seem to fit together

50. Plate tectonics • The theory of continental drift was not accepted for many years • One problem was that a plausible driving force was missing • The idea that the seafloor itself moves (and carries the continents with it) as it expands from a central axis was proposed by Harry Hess from Princeton University in the 1960s. • In 1963 Tuzo Wilson published his seminal article"Hypothesis on the Earth's behaviour" which outlined a new way of looking at the earth’s surface – a paradigm shift • Geophysicist Jack Oliver subsequently provided seismologic evidence supporting plate tectonics in “Seismology and the New Global Tectonics,” published in 1968