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All power point images are only for the exclusive use of Phys3070/Envs3070 Spring term 2014

Today Coal—What is it, where is it, how much is there? What do we do with it? What’s wrong with it?. All power point images are only for the exclusive use of Phys3070/Envs3070 Spring term 2014. ENVS3070/PHYS3070 Homework #2, (oil and gas) due in class Monday February 3. 2014

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All power point images are only for the exclusive use of Phys3070/Envs3070 Spring term 2014

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  1. TodayCoal—What is it, where is it, how much is there? What do we do with it? What’s wrong with it? All power point images are only for the exclusive use of Phys3070/Envs3070 Spring term 2014

  2. ENVS3070/PHYS3070 Homework #2, (oil and gas) due in class Monday February 3. 2014 1.(10 points) Imagine that we can get all of the oil out of the oil shale deposits of the Green River Formation (Table 2.8). The US currently consumes 19 million bbl of oil per day. How many years would the shale oil last if we used only this source? 2. (R and K problem 2.7, altered) On a cold day, a home furnace consumes one million BTU of heat energy from natural gas. A) (5 points) How many hundred cubic feet of gas (CCF) is that? B) (5 points) Some of the heat energy is lost through the chimney stack, with only 80% useful to heat the house. How many BTU is that? How many Joules? c)(10 points) I recently paid $27.02 for 78 hundred cubic feet (CCF) of gas, not including taxes and fees. How much will I pay for gas heat in a very cold week at that same rate of consumption? 3.(10 points) (R and K 11, modified) How many Joules of energy are required to lift one barrel of crude oil from a depth of 25,000 feet? The density of ‘light’ crude oil is 0.828 kg/liter. What fraction of the energy content of the oil is this? This is a very local contribution to ‘emergy’.

  3. COAL Remains of swamp plants, altered by heat and pressure. Peat Lignite or Brown Coal 16-27% carbon Sub Bituminous 46% Bituminous 49-57% Anthracite 88% Coke 100% Remainder-ash, water 3070 STANDARD = Bituminous with 7800 kW-hour per ton (2000 pounds). Implies a need for care-- not all coal is carbon to burn

  4. Coal

  5. Delineation of U.S. Coal Reserves and Resources • RESERVES – quantities of coal anticipated to be commercially recoverable from known accumulations from a given date forward under defined conditions. • RESOURCES – quantities of coal estimated, as of a given date, to be potentially recoverable from known accumulations, but which are not currently considered commercially recoverable. • There is sufficient reserve to meet projected demand for electricity and up to 4MM bpd CTL industry for over 100 years Source: EIA Coal Reserves Data 1997

  6. Powder River Greater Green River Coal Region Northern Appalachian CentralAppalachian Small Fieldor Isolated Occurrence Uinta Rank Piceance San Juan Raton Black Warrior Cherokee Arkoma

  7. How long will it last?R / P Table 2.7 250 x 109 tons Figure 2.7 1050 x 106 tons/year 250 x 109t /1.05 x 109t/year = 238 years !!!!!!!

  8. Coal production - Coal consumption Production Million tonnes oil equivalent Consumption Million tonnes oil equivalent

  9. Great Britain coal

  10. What’s the problem? It’s dirty! CO2, like other fossil fuels ‘fly ash’ Trace elements

  11. Trace elements Cd 0.10 ppm Hg 0.19 ppm Uranium 1.59 ppm Lead 8.19 ppm Arsenic ! 17.13 ppm (West Virginia coal)

  12. Table 2.7 US production now = 1000 million tons per year. How much arsenic is being burned? 1000*106 tons of coal /year*17.13*10-6 tons of As/ton of coal. =17,130 tons ! (0.2 grams is fatal)

  13. Clean coal • Wash the coal before burning. (involves chemicals, as recently spilled in WV) • Collect the fly ash, ‘electrostatic precipitators’ • Confine the spent ashes. • Filter the exhaust. • Use Wyoming coal • More later, as ‘air pollution’

  14. Boulder’s Valmont plant • Began 1964, burning coal for electricity. • 186 MWatts • 535,000 tons of coal (2007) • 1,300,000 tons of CO2 per year ( are these consistent? How much carbon was in the coal?) • Now—converting to gas.

  15. How much carbon was in the Valmont coal? • 535,00 tons of coal, containing X % of carbon • 1,300,00 tons of CO2. reaction C + O2CO2 Relative weights C-12, O2-32, CO2-44 So 1,300,000 tons of CO2 came from burning 12/44 * 1,300,000 = 354,545 tons of carbon So the coal was 354,545/535,000 =66% carbon

  16. Does the power work out? • 535,000 tons/year • 7800 kW-hr/ton • 8760 hrs/year • I want MW = 1000 kWatt

  17. units MW = kWatt-hr/ton (energy in coal) *ton / year ( given) / hr/year / kWatt/Mwatt (definition)

  18. Then, numbers MW = 7800 kWatt-hr/ton (text energy in coal) *535,000 ton / year ( given) /8760 hr/year (24*365) / 1000 kWatt/Mwatt =(7.8 *103 * 5.35*105) /(8.76*103 *103) =4.7637 * 10 (3+5-3-3)=476 Mwatts off by a factor of 186 MW/476 MW = 0.39 ?????????

  19. HW 2 #1 1.(10 points) Imagine that we can get all of the oil out of the oil shale deposits of the Green River Formation (Table 2.8). The US currently consumes 19 million bbl of oil per day. How many years would the shale oil last if we used only this source? The table lists the total oil content as 2030 billion (109) bbl. Since time= bbl / (bbl/day) we divide the given data Time = 2030*109bbl / (19*106bbl/day) = 106.8 * 103 days=293 years.

  20. #2 2. (R and K problem 2.7, altered) On a cold day, a home furnace consumes one million BTU of heat energy from natural gas. A) (5 points) How many hundred cubic feet of gas (CCF) is that? First, the energy volume in 1000 cubic feet, since that is what the text uses. Volume = 106BTU / (1.035*106BTU/thousand cubic feet) = 0.966 thousand cubic feet = 9.66 hundred cubic feet (CCF), the way my bill arrives B) (5 points) Some of the heat energy is lost through the chimney stack, with only 80% useful to heat the house. How many BTU is that? How many Joules? 80% of 106 BTU=0.80*106 BTU to the house =0.80*106BTU * 1055 J/BTU = 844*106 Joules = 8.44E8 for CAPA c)(10 points) I recently paid $27.02 for 78 hundred cubic feet (CCF) of gas, not including taxes and fees. How much will I pay for gas heat in a very cold week at that same rate of consumption? Cost per week = 9.66 ccf/day * 7 days/week *$27.02/78 ccf = $23.48/week.

  21. #3 3.(10 points) (R and K 11, modified) How many Joules of energy are required to lift one barrel of crude oil from a depth of 25,000 feet? The density of ‘light’ crude oil is 0.828 kg/liter (it floats). What fraction of the energy content of the oil is this? This is a very local contribution to ‘emergy’. This is a change in potential energy = mgh Mass of one barrel =42 gal * 3.785 liters/gal*0.828 kg/liter =131.6 kg (about 290 pounds, reasonable) g=9.8 m/sec2, here on earth h = 25,000 ft /(3.28 ft/m) = 7622 meters So the potential energy per barrel is = 131.6 kg* 9.8 m/sec2 * 7622 m = 9.83 *106 metric units, since all inputs were only in metric units = 9.83*106 Joule/bbl. The text tells us that that bbl of crude holds 6.12*109 J, so the lifting fraction is (9.83*106J/bbl)/ (6.12*109J/bbl)=1.61*10-3 ( no units) ==0.161%

  22. Wednesday Feb. 5R and K 2.14-.15 Nonconventional hydrocarbons • Coal bed methane • Shale gas--fracking • Tight gas • Oil shale • Tar sands Check at least one in Wikipedia or the like. I will ask for opinions.

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