Chapter 22: N ation States: France - GB

1. Chapter 22: Nation States: France - GB • France and Napoleon III • 1851 – 1860 – Great decade for Napoleon! • Conservative reign...censorship...great influence by RCC...secures the rights of property holders • Post 1860 – he becomes...more liberal. • Permits unions...free debate in legislature...more free trade

2. Chapter 22: Nation States: France - GB • Most of this change was trying to mask his foreign policy missteps. • Failure ort maintain territory as Italy was unifying. • Sideline view as Austria lost to Prussia. • Disastrous loss to the Prussians. • So, we might think that France would be seeking a change from this Emperor. • Correct!!!

3. Chapter 22: Nation States: France - GB • BY the battle of Sedan, and napoleon’s defeat and capture, the Second French Empire is over. • We move to the Third Republic... • Now we get to a critical moment in history: The Paris Commune. • Parisians felt betrayed by those signing for peace at Versailles, while they remained under Prussian control and attack.

4. Chapter 22: Nation States: France - GB • Paris Commune continued... • Hence, Paris was looking to separate themselves form the rest of France, and rule themselves, by themselves. • Literally, French Troops were firing upon the radicals in Paris. • This as not, as Marx would claim it to be, the first true Proletarian Revolt.

5. Chapter 22: Nation States: France - GB • It was not a workers revolt, but on of the “petty bourgeoisie” – then middle class urban workers. • And, the fact that it was suppressed represented a victory for the nation State. • What was the Third Estate, and how did it work??

6. Chapter 22: Nation States: France - GB • As calls for a new monarchy were split between two Royal Houses (Bourbon andf Orleans) France kind of defauled to a republican form of government. • By 1873, Prussian troops left. • Adolphe Thiers – the radical in charge of the Commune was ousted, and France formed its Third Republic.

7. Chapter 22: Nation States: France - GB • Rather than default back to aMOnarchy, France now had a Chamber of Deputies electe by Universal male suffrage. • A senate chosen by indirect voting. • And a President elected by both of theses houses. • This proved to be a rather flexible government, and would survive many scandals, especially the Dreyfus Affair.

8. Chapter 22: Nation States: France - GB • Dreyfus Affair: • Alfred Drays is found guilty by a French Court of passing info to Germany. • Dreyfus was Jewish, and became a convenient scapegoat for the French Military. • We see an exposure of the depth of Anti-Semitism in France, from the Catholic church to the Conservatives to the Military to the Press.

9. Chapter 22: Nation States: France - GB • Emile Zola, the great French Novelist, will write “J’accuse.” • It exposes not only the rampant anti-Semitism in France at this time but the inherent corruption within the Military. • This begins a long-term conflict between the conservatives and the far left radicals that will take us all the way to WWII, and beyond.

10. Chapter 22: Nation States: France - GB • Hapsburg Empire – we are reaching the end for them! • Standing Army • Kneeling Priests • Crawling Informers. • Primarily, still, agrarian... • Dynastic • Absolutist

11. Chapter 22: Nation States: France - GB • As they try and remain a Vienna centers dynasty, attempts to keep their vast holdings in line will prove to be their undoing. • Impact of nationalism, and the post 1848 climate will mean that you simply can’t govern this way anymore. • Roman Catholic church controlling education is typical of their outdated thinking.

12. Chapter 22: Nation States: France - GB • Since they didn't support Russia in Crimea (see how important that little war was...Russia no longer supports Austrian control over the Magyars. • Austria is defeated by France and Piedmont (Italian Unification) • October Diploma – 1860 – A Federation? Please!!!

13. Chapter 22: Nation States: France - GB • February Patent – 1861 – Last gasp... • Still the Magyars are denied a real voice in the government. • As we mix in the defeat of Austria by Prussia, we reach a point where the Austrians will have to deal with the Magyars. • 1867 – Habsburg Empire disappears, and we now have the Dual Monarchy – Austria Hungary.

14. Chapter 22: Nation States: France - GB • This was dual Monarchy in name only. • Both were essentially separate states. • Key issue that remains is the degree to which nationalities were still uneasy underneath this Empires umbrella. • Examples:

15. Chapter 22: Nation States: France - GB • Beyond Hungary, what of the rest of the Habsburg domains? • Most were against the Compromise of 1867 – which really meant that the would remain faceless and dominated by the Austrians and the Hungarians. • The Czechs were the most vocal critics. The even called for “Trialism” – but that was squashed.

16. Chapter 22: Nation States: France - GB • Growth of nationalism in the last 25 years of the 1800’s: This is critical!!!~ • Expansion of education, and a focus on language, culture and shared history. • Growth of political, radicalism would engender further movements toward a national agenda. • The growing weakness of the Ottoman Empire would cause rise of nationalism in the Balkans.

17. Chapter 22: Nation States: France - GB • Croats and Poles sought independent states • Calls for a Southern Slavic State • Serbia was looking to expand their boundaries in the Balkans, at the expense of the Ottomans and Austro/Hungarian Empires. • Many Germans in the Austrian Empire sought to join the newly formed state of Germany

18. Chapter 22: Nation States: France - GB • Hence, Nationality will touch the: • Russian Empire • Austrian Empire • German Empire • Ottoman Empire • BY the end of WWI, each of these empires will have disappeared!!!

19. Chapter 22: Nation States: France - GB • Russia: • Alexander II – Post Crimea and Reform. • Abolition of Serfdom – This is doen before the abolition of servitude in other places, particularily the Unite States. • Land does not follow their freedom, however. • They had to pay to be eventually free.

20. Chapter 22: Nation States: France - GB • Local Governmental Reform. • As serfdom changes, so to does the model for local Government. • Village model replaces the Lord/Nobility model. • Legal system is revamped y Alexander II – Equality befoe the law, fair hearings,trial by Jury.

21. Chapter 22: Nation States: France - GB • Military reform: had to be modernized, and te length of service was diminished. • Discipline would be relaxed as well – it ha been historically brutal. • The repression in Poland reminds us that this was not exactly an era of good feelings in Russia. • And, despite these changes, Alexander II does not gain popular support from the masses.

22. Chapter 22: Nation States: France - GB • Revolutionary Fever in Russia: • Populism - a radical movement/critique of Russian Rule began to grow as a movement. • Social revolution, a society based on the communal life of the peasantry was posed as the ideal system. • Land and Freedom – was the primary group associated with this movement.

23. Chapter 22: Nation States: France - GB • It would not be the peasants themselves that would rise up, but theywould be lead/encouraged by student intellectuals from the citis that would spread to the countryside. • Ironically, the peasantswould remain fiercely loyal and conservative,and turned many of the studenst in to the secret police. • As gthe Tsar pushed harder against them, they pushed back.

24. Chapter 22: Nation States: France - GB • Like we will see later, the movemen Land and Freedom would split, and amore radical faction called the “People’s Will” would have a more violent agenda. • March, 1881 – they succeed in assassinating the Tsar. • Obviously, after this, an era of progressive reform would not be possible in Russia. • Alexander III would revert to centralized power, secret police and censorship.

25. Chapter 22: Nation States: France - GB