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Types of Genetic Disciplines Robert F. Waters, PhD. Cytogenetics Mendelian genetics Molecular genetics Population genetics Immunogenetics Oncogenetics Evolutionary genetics Medical genetics and genetic counseling. Genetics Review. History Medieval Concepts Vapors Disease
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Types of Genetic DisciplinesRobert F. Waters, PhD • Cytogenetics • Mendelian genetics • Molecular genetics • Population genetics • Immunogenetics • Oncogenetics • Evolutionary genetics • Medical genetics and genetic counseling
Genetics Review • History • Medieval Concepts • Vapors • Disease • Paternal Society
Genetics Review Continued • Mendel • Homunculus • Ovists • Darwin (Pangenesis) • Lamarck and Lysenko • Johannsen • “gene” (1909) Johannsen + genotype + phenotype • Bateson • “genetics” (1905) Bateson • T.H. Morgan • genes -chromosomes • Others
Watson Crick Wilkins FranklinNobel Prize Physiology 1962 • James Watson • Francis Crick • Maurice Wilkins • Rosalind Franklin • Linus Pauling • Molecular shapes
Genes • Genotype + Environment = Phenotype • One gene one phenotype • One gene one enzyme • One gene one polypeptide • So what is a gene?
Genes Continued: • Dominant • Recessive • Complete dominance • Incomplete dominance • Additive (Quantitative Genes)
Inheritance • Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny • Inheritance of acquired characteristics • Weisman experiment • Mendel’s Laws • Law of Independent Assortment • Law of Segregation
Chromosomes • Mitosis • Meiosis • Crossing-Over • Numbers of chromosomes (Human 46) • Genome • Ploidy • Aneuploidy • Monosomy (2n-1) • Trisomy (2n+1) • Polyploidy • Wheat (hexaploid 42 chromosomes) T. aestivum (6n) • Allopolyploidy (genomes different) vs. autopolyploidy • Haploid (n) • Diploid (2n)
Chromosomes Continued: • Nucleus • Nucleolus • Sex Chromosomes • Autosomal Chromosomes • Chromatin vs. Chromosomes • Chromosome region • Chromosome band • Short arm • Long arm • Centromere • Telomere • p = short arm • q = long arm (9q34-Ch 9, long arm, reg 3, band 4) • One of the genes for ABO blood types
Chromosomes Continued: • Homologous chromosomes • Paternal and maternal • Zygote • Homozygote • Heterozygote • Allele • Gametes • Pedigree
Mitosis • P/M/A/T • G1/S/G0 phases • Metaphase plate • Somatic cells • MTOC & Centriole • Spindle Fibers • Chromatids • Tetrads
Meiosis • Germ cells • Meiosis I and Meiosis II • Gametogenesis • Oogenesis (Plants:Megasporogenesis) • Spermatogenesis (Plants:Microsporogenesis) • Crossing Over – Recombination • Chiasmata (Chiasma) • Synaptonemal Complex
Mendelian Genetics • Generations • Parental • Filial • Punnett’s Squares • Gametes • Genotypic frequency • Phenotypic frequency • Monohybrid • Dihybrid • Trihybrid • Linkage • Karyotype
Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes • Genome differences • Nucleus or not • Number of genes • Transcriptional differences • Translational differences • hRNA and mRNA • Poly A tails on mRNA (eukaryotes)
DNA and RNA • DNA Structure • Base pairing • Replication • Meselson and Stahl proof of semi-conservative replication • Transcription • Translation • Repair • RNA Structure • hRNA • mRNA • codon • tRNA • Anti-codon • rRNA • Mitochondrial DNA and RNA (mt)
Expressivity of Genes • Penetrance • Expressivity • Mutations • Somatic • Germ • Morphological mutations (you can see) • Albinism • Caused by: • Toxins, radiation • Clastogens (ionizing radiation that causes mutations) • Mutagens (substances that cause mutations) • DNA missense codons (base substitution) • Sickle cell anemia
Viruses and Bacteria • Retroviruses • Reverse transcription • Bacterial plasmids • Genetic engineering • ecoRI Bacterial Endonuclease • RFLP • Restriction fragment length polymorphism • PCR
Oncogenetics • Carcinogen • Cancer causing substance • Oncogenic viruses • Oncorepressor genes • Breast cancer
Population Genetics • Evolution • Genetic drift • Genetic load • Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium • Inbreeding • Genetic polymorphisms • Genetic diversity • Asexual vs. sexual reproduction • Natural selection
Discussion Topics • Genetic engineering • Turning off or on genes • Diabetes • Vectors and hosts • Plants producing animal proteins • Herbicide resistant varieties • Cloning