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Types of Genetic Disciplines Robert F. Waters, PhD

Types of Genetic Disciplines Robert F. Waters, PhD. Cytogenetics Mendelian genetics Molecular genetics Population genetics Immunogenetics Oncogenetics Evolutionary genetics Medical genetics and genetic counseling. Genetics Review. History Medieval Concepts Vapors Disease

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Types of Genetic Disciplines Robert F. Waters, PhD

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  1. Types of Genetic DisciplinesRobert F. Waters, PhD • Cytogenetics • Mendelian genetics • Molecular genetics • Population genetics • Immunogenetics • Oncogenetics • Evolutionary genetics • Medical genetics and genetic counseling

  2. Genetics Review • History • Medieval Concepts • Vapors • Disease • Paternal Society

  3. Genetics Review Continued • Mendel • Homunculus • Ovists • Darwin (Pangenesis) • Lamarck and Lysenko • Johannsen • “gene” (1909) Johannsen + genotype + phenotype • Bateson • “genetics” (1905) Bateson • T.H. Morgan • genes -chromosomes • Others

  4. Watson Crick Wilkins FranklinNobel Prize Physiology 1962 • James Watson • Francis Crick • Maurice Wilkins • Rosalind Franklin • Linus Pauling • Molecular shapes

  5. Genes • Genotype + Environment = Phenotype • One gene one phenotype • One gene one enzyme • One gene one polypeptide • So what is a gene?

  6. Genes Continued: • Dominant • Recessive • Complete dominance • Incomplete dominance • Additive (Quantitative Genes)

  7. Inheritance • Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny • Inheritance of acquired characteristics • Weisman experiment • Mendel’s Laws • Law of Independent Assortment • Law of Segregation

  8. Chromosomes • Mitosis • Meiosis • Crossing-Over • Numbers of chromosomes (Human 46) • Genome • Ploidy • Aneuploidy • Monosomy (2n-1) • Trisomy (2n+1) • Polyploidy • Wheat (hexaploid 42 chromosomes) T. aestivum (6n) • Allopolyploidy (genomes different) vs. autopolyploidy • Haploid (n) • Diploid (2n)

  9. Chromosomes Continued: • Nucleus • Nucleolus • Sex Chromosomes • Autosomal Chromosomes • Chromatin vs. Chromosomes • Chromosome region • Chromosome band • Short arm • Long arm • Centromere • Telomere • p = short arm • q = long arm (9q34-Ch 9, long arm, reg 3, band 4) • One of the genes for ABO blood types

  10. Chromosomes Continued: • Homologous chromosomes • Paternal and maternal • Zygote • Homozygote • Heterozygote • Allele • Gametes • Pedigree

  11. Mitosis • P/M/A/T • G1/S/G0 phases • Metaphase plate • Somatic cells • MTOC & Centriole • Spindle Fibers • Chromatids • Tetrads

  12. Meiosis • Germ cells • Meiosis I and Meiosis II • Gametogenesis • Oogenesis (Plants:Megasporogenesis) • Spermatogenesis (Plants:Microsporogenesis) • Crossing Over – Recombination • Chiasmata (Chiasma) • Synaptonemal Complex

  13. Mendelian Genetics • Generations • Parental • Filial • Punnett’s Squares • Gametes • Genotypic frequency • Phenotypic frequency • Monohybrid • Dihybrid • Trihybrid • Linkage • Karyotype

  14. Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes • Genome differences • Nucleus or not • Number of genes • Transcriptional differences • Translational differences • hRNA and mRNA • Poly A tails on mRNA (eukaryotes)

  15. DNA and RNA • DNA Structure • Base pairing • Replication • Meselson and Stahl proof of semi-conservative replication • Transcription • Translation • Repair • RNA Structure • hRNA • mRNA • codon • tRNA • Anti-codon • rRNA • Mitochondrial DNA and RNA (mt)

  16. Expressivity of Genes • Penetrance • Expressivity • Mutations • Somatic • Germ • Morphological mutations (you can see) • Albinism • Caused by: • Toxins, radiation • Clastogens (ionizing radiation that causes mutations) • Mutagens (substances that cause mutations) • DNA missense codons (base substitution) • Sickle cell anemia

  17. Viruses and Bacteria • Retroviruses • Reverse transcription • Bacterial plasmids • Genetic engineering • ecoRI Bacterial Endonuclease • RFLP • Restriction fragment length polymorphism • PCR

  18. Oncogenetics • Carcinogen • Cancer causing substance • Oncogenic viruses • Oncorepressor genes • Breast cancer

  19. Population Genetics • Evolution • Genetic drift • Genetic load • Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium • Inbreeding • Genetic polymorphisms • Genetic diversity • Asexual vs. sexual reproduction • Natural selection

  20. Discussion Topics • Genetic engineering • Turning off or on genes • Diabetes • Vectors and hosts • Plants producing animal proteins • Herbicide resistant varieties • Cloning

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