Outline of Lecture Sessions Regarding Prejudice and Discrimination

1. Outline of Lecture Sessions Regarding Prejudice and Discrimination Definition of the concepts of prejudiceand discrimination.

2. Prejudice: A negative prejudgement of a group and its individual members. Prejudice is an attitude. .

3. Prejudice: A negative prejudgement of a group and its individual members. Prejudice is an attitude. . Stereotype: A belief about the personal attributes of a group of people.

4. Prejudice: A negative prejudgement of a group and its individual members. Prejudice is an attitude. . Stereotype: A belief about the personal attributes of a group of people. Discrimination: Unjustifiable negative behaviour toward a group or its members.

5. Attribute prejudice and discrimination to thoughts and acts of stupidity or immorality Jackie Robinson, Branch Rickey, baseball, and the Kiwanis Music Festival in Montreal, 1946.

6. Components of prejudice and therelation of prejudice (attitude) todiscrimination (behaviour).

7. Prejudice as an Attitude • Components of prejudice (attitude) • Beliefs (may include stereotypes) • 2. Emotions • 3. Intended actions

8. The question of the relation of prejudice (as attitude) to discrimination (as behaviour)

9. By definition, a positive attitude toward your group is not prejudice. Should we be concerned, nevertheless (and the role of social identity theory).

10. Attitudes Towards Ingroup and Outgroup neutral unfavourable: ____________________________________:favourable Outgroup Ingroup

11. Attitudes Towards Ingroup and Outgroup neutral unfavourable: ____________________________________:favourable Outgroup Outgroup Ingroup

12. The Power of Ingroup Favouritism Majeed(1982) Participants: 13 to 18 years old from a rural district of India.

13. Trait Adjective Ratings Ingroup OutGroup High Caste Adolescents Low Caste

14. Trait Adjective Ratings Ingroup OutGroup High Caste Adolescents 8.5 Low Caste 4.6

15. Trait Adjective Ratings Ingroup OutGroup High Caste Adolescents 8.5 -1.8 Low Caste 4.6

16. Trait Adjective Ratings Ingroup OutGroup High Caste Adolescents 8.5 -1.8 Low Caste 4.6 3.5

17. Perdue (1990) Study was presented as a lexical decision making task. For example: XEH paired always with us or we or ours (ingroup words). YOF paired always with them or they or theirs (outgroup words)

18. Participants were asked to rate the nonsense syllables on: Unpleasant : : : : : : : : pleasant

19. Result: Nonsense syllables paired with ingroup words were rated more pleasant than nonsense syllables paired with outgroup words.

20. A study of systemic (institutional)discrimination.

21. Report of the Commission on Systemic Racism in the Ontario Criminal Justice System Community Summary (1995)

22. Question police, lawyers, and judges. Is there discrimination in the criminal justice system?

23. General Response was No.

24. Archival data (public records:

25. Release and detained • data fortotal sample • Released by police: White -- 29% • Black -- 18% • Detained to trial: White -- 23% • Black -- 30%

26. b) Release and detained data for drug • charges only • Released by police: White -- 60% • Black -- 30% • Detained to trial: White -- 10% • Black -- 31%

27. c) Imprisonment after • conviction • Drug charge: White -- 36% • Black -- 66% • All charges: White -- 57% • Black -- 69%

28. d) Imprisonment after conviction by • criminal record • 0 convictions: White -- 38% • Black -- 52% • 1 to 5 convictions: White -- 52% • Black -- 71% • 6 or more convictions: White -- 77% • Black -- 88%

29. Assessment of Discrimination in Renting An Apartment A Paired Testing Study Toronto, 2009

30. The first profile portrayed over the telephone was: Female lone parent with one child The control in all cases was a married female. Both were applying for a one bedroom apartment.

31. 2. Black female lone parent with one child This profile was exactly the same as the previous, except that the test volunteer had an accent that would identify her as Black (Caribbean accent). The control was a female lone parent with one child and a “Canadian” accent

32. Single South Asian male For this profile, the person had an identifiable South Asian accent and name. Control was a single male with a “Canadian” accent and name.

33. Analysis Once the completed scripts were collected, researchers scored the responses by the person on the other end of the phone based on whether the interaction profiles indicated positive, negative or no differential treatment.

34. Rate of Discrimination (Score of 2 or 3 on Differential Treatment Scale) Lone Parent 14% Black Lone Parent 26% South Asian Male 23%

35. Research by Esses On the individual contribution of three components of attitude to the overall attitude we have toward some group.

36. The Components Studied Were: i) stereotypes, ii) emotions, and an added component iii) beliefs about the degree to which somegroup facilitates or blocks your cherishedvalues in society

37. Overall attitude was measured using a “thermometer” scale Favourable 100 Neutral 50 Unfavourable 0

38. Target groups studied English Canadian French Canadian Native Indian Pakistani Homosexual

39. Components of Attitude towards Group • Measuring the Stereotype Component • On a blank piece of paper, list the characteristics that you would use to describe typical members of the group

40. Components of Attitude towards Group • Measuring the Stereotype Component • Indicate the value of each attribute: • if negative, indicate two minus signs or one minus sign; • if positive, indicate two plus signs or one plus sign; • if neutral indicate zero

41. Components of Attitude towards Group • Measuring the Stereotype Component • Indicate the percentage of the group to which each characteristic applies (0% to 100%)

42. Measuring the Symbolic beliefs Component • List values, customs and traditions that you believe are blocked or facilitated by the group. • Indicate the extent to which each was blocked or facilitated: • if blocked, indicate two minus signs or one minus sign; • if facilitated, indicate two plus signs or one plus sign • Indicate the percentage of the group to which this applies (0% to 100%)

43. Emotions • List emotions and feelings that you experience when you see, meet, or think about members of the group. • Indicate the valence of each emotion: • if negative, indicate two minus signs or one minus sign; • if positive, indicate two plus signs or one plus sign • Indicate the percentage of the group that make you feel this way (0% to 100%)

44. Target groupMean Attitude (as measured on the thermometer scale English Canadian 81.4 French Canadian 69.1 Native Indian 66.2 Pakistani 58.9 Homosexual 44.1

45. The Relations between Individual Stereotypes, Symbolic Beliefs, and Emotions with Attitudes toward the Groups

46. For Judgements about the Target Group "Pakistani," the Correlation Coefficient between the Symbolic Belief Component and Overall Attitude was +.58 Overall AttitudeSymbolic Belief Score Score (0-100) (Higher the score, the more the group is seen to facilitate cherished values) Subject 1 63 12 2 42 05 3 54 07 4 82 16 5 68 12 and so on

47. Which Components Contributed to the Prediction of Overall Attitude? Target GroupComponent English Canadians no component was a unique predictor

48. Which Components Contributed to the Prediction of Overall Attitude? Target GroupComponent French Canadians a) emotions and b) symbolic beliefs were unique predictors

49. Which Components Contributed to the Prediction of Overall Attitude? Target GroupComponent Native Indians a) emotions were unique predictor

50. Which Components Contributed to the Prediction of Overall Attitude? Target GroupComponent Pakistanis a) symbolic beliefs was unique predictor