Byzantines, Russians, and Turks Interact , 500–1500

1. CHAPTER 11 QUIT Byzantines, Russians, and Turks Interact, 500–1500 Chapter Overview Time Line Byzantium Becomes the New Rome 1 SECTION MAP Russians Adapt Byzantine Culture 2 SECTION Turkish Empires Rise in Anatolia 3 SECTION GRAPH Visual Summary

2. CHAPTER 11 Chapter Overview HOME Byzantines, Russians, and Turks Interact, 500–1500 The Roman Empire splits in two and the Byzantine Empire develops in the East. Through trade, Byzantine ideas influence the culture and religion of Russia. Turks adopt Islam and set up an empire in Persia and the eastern flank of Byzantium. Christians and Muslims battle during the Crusades. Mongol invaders bring down the Turks.

3. CHAPTER 11 1500 500 HOME Byzantines, Russians, and Turks Interact, 500–1500 Time Line 850sByzantine culture spreads to Russia. 1240Kiev destroyed by Mongols. 527Justinian becomes ruler of Byzantine Empire. 1054Christianity splits into Roman Catholic and Orthodox branches. 1480Ivan III ends Mongol control of Russia.

4. 1 HOME Byzantium Becomes the New Rome MAP Key Idea The Byzantine Empire, or new Rome, develops in the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire. The emperor of the new Rome builds up eastern culture. The Church splits into the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches. Overview Assessment

5. 1 TERMS & NAMES MAIN IDEA HOME Byzantium Becomes the New Rome MAP Overview •Justinian Code •Hagia Sophia •patriarch •icon •iconoclast •excommunication •schism •Cyrillic alphabet WHY IT MATTERS NOW Constantinople ruled an eastern empire that survived for over a thousand years. Byzantine culture deeply influenced Orthodox Christianity, a major branch of modern Christianity. Assessment

6. 1 1 Section Assessment Justinian HOME Byzantium Becomes the New Rome MAP 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List Justinian’s accomplishments as emperor of the New Rome. Conquered most of Italy and parts of Spain Rebuilt Constantinople’s fortifications Built aqueducts, courts, schools, hospitals Rebuilt the Hagia Sophia Established Justinian Code Encouraged trade, education Enlarged his palace continued . . .

7. 1 HOME Byzantium Becomes the New Rome MAP 1 Section Assessment 2. Why do you think Justinian decided in the late 520s that it was the right time to reform Roman law? THINK ABOUT •the situation of the empire •the role of laws in societies •the state of Roman laws before reform ANSWER •The Byzantine Empire had a separate government and character from that of the West. It needed its own organized system of laws to regulate life in this new era. •Roman law was disorganized and contradictory and so needed reform. Possible Responses: continued . . .

8. 1 HOME Byzantium Becomes the New Rome MAP 1 Section Assessment 3. Do you think the differences between the Eastern and Western churches could have been reconciled before the Church split? Why? ANSWER Yes—Both sides could have united over the icon issue. No—Differences in beliefs about divorce and marriage for priests might have been too deep for compromise. Possible Responses: End of Section 1

9. 2 HOME Russians Adapt Byzantine Culture Key Idea Russian culture develops from a blending of Slavic and Viking peoples. Through trade, Greek Byzantine culture influences Russian culture. Before the Mongol invasions, Kiev is the center of Russian culture. Eventually, Moscow becomes the dominant cultural center. Overview Assessment

10. 2 TERMS & NAMES MAIN IDEA HOME Russians Adapt Byzantine Culture Overview •Slavs •boyars •Olga •Vladimir •Yaroslav the Wise •Alexander Nevsky • czar WHY IT MATTERS NOW Russia grew out of a blending of Slavic and Byzantine cultures with Eastern Orthodox traditions. The early history of Russia separated it from the West, causing mutual misunder-standings that still exist today. Assessment

11. 2 2 Section Assessment Moscow Princes Nobles Church People HOME Russians Adapt Byzantine Culture 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Explain the effects of Mongol rule in Russia. Collected tribute; put down revolts Tolerated by Mongols; acted as link between Mongols and Russians Paid high taxes; developed a devotion to icons Became tax collectors for Mongols; gained control of small states around Moscow continued . . .

12. 2 HOME Russians Adapt Byzantine Culture 2 Section Assessment 2. How did Vladimir’s conversion to Christianity affect the citizens, society, and government of Kiev?THINK ABOUT •the laws he passed •the customs he encouraged •the policies he followed ANSWER •Vladimir’s subjects were required to convert to Christianity. •Byzantine teachers taught religion to the Kievans. •The prince became head of the Church in Kiev. Possible Responses: continued . . .

13. 2 HOME Russians Adapt Byzantine Culture 2 Section Assessment 3. The Mongols were fierce conquerors, and their rule cut Russia off from the rest of the world. Even so, their policies helped to pull Russia together as a territory. How? THINK ABOUT •Mongol policies in Russia •the Church’s attitude toward the Mongols •the role and power of the nobility ANSWER •Independent principalities were unified. •Russian religion and culture were preserved. •The Church sanctioned Mongol rule, thus giving its approval to the new unified territory. •The nobility retained some authority. Possible Responses: End of Section 2

14. 3 HOME Turkish Empires Rise in Anatolia GRAPH Key Idea Nomadic Turks known as Seljuks capture Baghdad from the Persians. The Turks and Persians form a strong bond because of the Turks’ support of Persian culture. A lack of leadership, the Crusades, and Mongol invasions bring an end to the Seljuk Empire. Overview Assessment

15. 3 TERMS & NAMES MAIN IDEA HOME Turkish Empires Rise in Anatolia GRAPH Overview •mamelukes •Seljuks •vizier •Malik Shah WHY IT MATTERS NOW Turkish people converted to Islam and founded new empires that would renew Muslim civilization. In the 20th century, the collapse of the Turkish empire left ethnic and religious hostilities that still affect the world. Assessment

16. 3 756 Spain breaks away. HOME Turkish Empires Rise in Anatolia GRAPH 3 Section Assessment 1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List several events in the last 200 years of the Abassid Empire. 800 Tunisia breaks away. 809 Parts of Persia are lost. 868 Abbasids lose control of Egypt. 945 Baghdad falls to Persians. 788 Morocco breaks away. continued . . .

17. 3 HOME Turkish Empires Rise in Anatolia GRAPH 3 Section Assessment 2. In what ways would it be accurate to say that the Persians actually won over their Turkish conquerors? THINK ABOUT •religion •culture •political influence ANSWER •The Turks looked to the Persians for religious and cultural guidance. •The Turks adopted the language and customs of the Persians. •Persians held powerful offices in the Turkish government. Possible Responses: continued . . .

18. 3 HOME Turkish Empires Rise in Anatolia GRAPH 3 Section Assessment 3. Between Abbasid and Mongol rule, Baghdad was occupied and governed by four different powers—Abbasids, Persians, Seljuks, and Mongols. Summarize important events and features of those occupations. ANSWER • Abbasids—Made Baghdad their capital; mamelukes gained power over Abbasid caliphs. • Persians—Captured Baghdad in 945; caliph lost political power to the sultan. • Seljuks—Captured Baghdad in 1055; supported Persian culture • Mongols—Occupied Baghdad in 1258; burned down the caliph’s palace and executed the last caliph Possible Responses: End of Section 3