Social Impact of Industrialization

1. Social Impact of Industrialization E. How did the demographics of Europe change during the Industrial Revolution? F. How did the Industrial Revolution create the early ideas of capitalism and socialism?

2. E. How did the demographics of Europe change during the Industrial Revolution? • Population of Europe 1750 – 140 million • Population of Europe 1850 – 266 million • What caused this increase?

3. E. How did the demographics of Europe change during the Industrial Revolution? • What caused this increase? • Decline in mortality rates • Decline in wars • Decline in plague, small pox • Increase in food supply meant healthier immune systems to fight disease

4. E. How did the demographics of Europe change during the Industrial Revolution? • Millions migrated to cities (urbanization) to find work in factories. Why? • London population 1800 – 1 million • London population 1850 – 2.5 million • 50% of Europe’s population lived in cities (1850) vs 80% in 1760

5. F. How did the Industrial Revolution create the early ideas of capitalism and socialism? • Capitalism – an economic system in which private owners own the business. • Initially created harsh working conditions • 15 hours, 6 days a week • No minimum wage • Women and children paid lower wages • Profits maximized by business owners • Factory Act of 1833 – minimum age 9

6. F. How did the Industrial Revolution create the early ideas of capitalism and socialism? • Socialism – an economic system in which the government owns the means of production (factories). • Created in response to poor working conditions in factories. • Socialist and Communist views were created by philosophers such as Robert Owen and Karl Marx. • Owen is sometimes referred to as an “utopian” socialists, Marx is not.

7. Kahoot • Review • Demographics • Capitalism • Socialism

8. F. How did the Industrial Revolution create the early ideas of capitalism and socialism? • Robert Owen • British cotton manufacturer • Believed that humans would show their natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment where all lived in relative economic equality (cooperative environment). • Established a flourishing community using socialist principles in New Lanark, Scotland. It was previously a failing manufacturing town prior to Owen’s arrival. • Attempted to create a similar community in New Harmony, Indiana in the 1820’s. However, his ideas failed to catch on. Utopianism

9. Social Impact of Industrialization G. How was socialism a response to industrialization?

10. G. How was socialism a response to industrialization? • Karl Marx – wrote The Communist Manifesto in 1848 as a response to the poor working conditions in factories. • He also thought class struggles were to blame. • Oppressors vs. the oppressed • Oppressors owned the means of production and controlled all of the money. • The oppressed were nothing more than workers whose livelihood depended upon the oppressors. • Marx believed that these conditions would eventually lead to revolution led by the oppressed against the oppressors.

11. G. How was socialism a response to industrialization? • Many countries saw the emergence of socialist parties, some of which suggested violence against the upper class and others that simply called for new legislation that would limit the elite. • The latter led to the formation of trade and labor unions, which would allow workers to unite and strike if they felt wages or working conditions were poor. • Initially, many countries made the right to strike illegal. However, by 1870, Great Britain began allowing workers to strike.

12. G. How was socialism a response to industrialization? • Karl Marx’s socialist ideas set forth in The Communist Manifesto laid the foundation for the Communist party that would soon emerge in the Soviet Union (1920’s). • The idea of a Communist based government is one in which the means of production are owned by the government, therefore dissolving social classes and even the need for money.

13. Social Impact of Industrialization H. What changes caused cities to grow so quickly during the second half of the 19th century?I. How did class divisions in Europe change during the 19th century?

14. H. What changes caused cities to grow so quickly during the second half of the 19th century? • During the second half of the industrial revolution, cities grew even faster. • London 1800 – 1 million • London 1850 – 2.5 million • London 1900 – 6.5 million • Much of this was due to new legislation passed by cities. • Housing quality was improved • Inspectors were used to check health issues • Clean running water was required in buildings as well as effective drainage (sewage) systems.

15. I. How did class divisions in Europe change during the 19th century? • The new elite – made up 5% of the population but controlled 40% of wealth. • Middle classes • Upper: Doctors, lawyers, civil service, managers, engineers, architects, accountants • Lower: shopkeepers, traders, wealthy farmers • New white collar workers: salesmen, bookkeepers, secretaries (women began to find jobs in these industries, especially after the avocation of women’s rights (feminism). • Working class (lower class) – made up 80% of the population, included blue collar factory workers, farmers, and domestic servants.