If Clauses

1. If Clauses There are three types of conditional sentences. Each sentence has two parts: the if clause ( expresses the condition ) and the main clause (expresses the result ).

2. If Clauses • Type 1 - Probable Condition • The verb in the if-clause is in the PresentSimple; the verb in the main clause is in the Future Tense. • e.g. If he works hard, he'll pass the examination. • or • He'll pass the examination if he works hard. • If you do not try, you will not win.

3. If Clauses • Unlesscan be used with the meaning of if not. • Ex: Unless you try, you will not win. • Note: The Present Continuous Tense and the Present Perfect can also be used in the if-clause. • e.g. If he is working, I won't disturb him. • If you have all finished, I'll collect the papers

4. If Clauses • Type 2 - Unlikely Condition • The verb in the if-clause is in the Simple PastTense; the verb in the main clause is in theConditional Tense. • e.g. If he passed his A levels he would go to University. • If I were you I'd study hard. • Note: The Past Continuous can also be used in the if-clause. • e.g. If he were/was teaching at the moment he would be teaching an English class.

5. If Clauses • Type 3 - Impossible Condition • The verb in the if-clause is in the Past PerfectTense; the verb in the main clause is in the Perfect Conditional. • e.g. If they had been better students, they would have had better results. • Note: The Past Perfect Continuous can also be used in the if-clause. • e.g. If he had been listening, he would have heard the result of the examination.

6. Exercises • 1. If I had a lot of money, I'd... • 2. If I could go on holiday anywhere in the world,... • 3. If I saw an accident in the street,... • 4. If it rains tomorrow,... • 5. They would not have gone to Japan, if... • 6. Unless they have tickets, they...

7. Exercises (Key) • 1. If I had a lot of money, I'd travel around the world. • 2. If I could go on holiday anywhere in the world, I would go to a tropical island. • 3. If I saw an accident in the street, I would call an ambulance. • 4. If it rains tomorrow, I won’t go for a walk. • 5. They would not have gone to Japan, if they hadn’t won the lottery. • 6. Unless they have tickets, they won’t go to the concert.

8. Exercises • Supply the correct tense forms in the following sentences: • 1. If Gino goes to Britain, he ____________ (visit) the Houses of Parliament. • 2. If Gino ____________ (enjoy) his visit, he will return there some day. • 3. Unless he ____________ (listen) carefully, he will not understand them. • 4. If Gino had a lot of money, he ____________ (visit) every country in the world.

9. Exercises • Supply the correct tense forms in the following sentences: • 5. If Gino ____________ (waste) his money, his father would be very angry. • 6. If the climate had been better, perhaps more tourists ____________ (go) to Britain. • 7. If he ____________ (visit) Britain before, he would not have been so excited.

10. Exercises (Key) • 1. If Gino goes to Britain, he will visit the Houses of Parliament. • 2. If Gino enjoys his visit, he will return there some day. • 3. Unless he listens carefully, he will not understand them. • 4. If Gino had a lot of money, he wouldvisit every country in the world.

11. Exercises (Key) • 5. If Gino wasted his money, his father would be very angry. • 6. If the climate had been better, perhaps more tourists would have gone to Britain. • 7. If he had visited Britain before, he would not have been so excited.

12. If Clauses (Rewrite) • Type 1 • Imperative • Unless < If • e.g. Stop talking, or you will have problems. • If you don’t stop talking, you will have problems. • Unless you stop talking, you will have problems.

13. If Clauses (Rewrite) • You will have problems if you miss school. • Unless you miss school, you won’t have problems. • I will go out in the evening unless I have a test. • If I have a test, I won’t go out in the evening .

14. If Clauses (Rewrite) • Type 2 • 2 sentences with the verb in the Present, connected by: because, as, so, therefore and that’s why. • e.g. I don’t go out because I am ill. • If I weren’t/wasn’t ill, I would go out. • As I am tired, I’m going to bed. • If I weren’t/wasn’t tired, I wouldn’t go to bed.

15. If Clauses (Rewrite) • Type 3 • 2 sentences with the verb in the Past, connected by: because, as, so, therefore and that’s why. • e.g. I didn't see the signal, so I didn't stop. • If I had seen the signal, I would have stopped. • We didn't visit the museum because we did haven't time. • If we had had time, we would have visited the museum.

16. Exercises • I didn't know your number, so I didn't ring. If… • She didn't know you were in hospital, so she didn't visit you. If… 3. Eat the soup, or you won’t watch TV. If… • I’m going to bed because it’s too late. If… • As the weather is fine, I’m going to the beach. If…

17. Exercises (Key) • I didn't know your number, so I didn't ring. If I had known the number, I would have rung. • She didn't know you were in hospital, so she didn't visit you. If she had known you were in hospital, she would have visited you. 3. Eat the soup, or you won’t watch TV. If you eat the soup, you will watch TV. If you don’t eat the soup, you won’t watch TV. • I’m going to bed because it’s too late. If it wasn’t/weren’t too late, I wouldn’t go to bed. • As the weather is fine, I’m going to the beach. If the weather wasn’t/weren’t fine, I wouldn’t go to the beach.