Compounds and Their Bonds

1. Compounds and Their Bonds Part II: Covalent Bonding

2. Covalent Bonds

3. Covalent Bonds • Which elements on the periodic table have a strong pull on electrons?

4. Covalent Bonds • Covalent: “Co-ownership of valence electrons” • Unlike ionic bonds, covalent bonding involves sharing of electrons • Some common covalent molecules: Cl2 CO2 H2O NH3 HCl CH4 • What do you notice about the compositions of covalent compounds?

5. Cl Cl How will two chlorine atoms react?

6. Cl Cl Each chlorine atom wants to gain one electron to achieve an octet

7. Cl Cl Neither atom will give up an electron – chlorine is highly electronegative. What’s the solution? What can they do to achieve an octet?

8. Cl Cl

9. Cl Cl

10. Cl Cl

11. Cl Cl

12. Cl Cl octet

13. Cl Cl octet

14. Cl Cl The octet is achieved by each atom sharing the electron pair in the middle

15. Cl Cl The octet is achieved by each atom sharing the electron pair in the middle

16. Cl This forms an octet

17. Cl So does this

18. Cl Cl This is the bonding pair

19. Cl Cl It is called aSINGLE BOND

20. Cl Cl Single bonds are abbreviated with a dash and written as: Cl2

21. Covalent Bonds (Diatoms) Cl2 F2 H2

22. O2 Oxygen is also one of the diatomic molecules

23. O O How will two oxygen atoms bond?

24. O O Each atom has two unpaired electrons

25. O O

26. O O

27. O O

28. O O Oxygen atoms are highly electronegative. So both atoms want to gain two electrons.

29. O O

30. O O

31. O O

32. O O

33. O O

34. O O Both electron pairs are shared.

35. O O 6 valence electrons plus 2 shared electrons = full octet

36. O O 6 valence electrons plus 2 shared electrons = full octet

37. O O two bonding pairs, making a doublebond

38. O O = O O For convenience, the double bond can be shown as two dashes.

39. This is the oxygen molecule, O2

40. Covalent Bonds Examples

41. Covalent Bonds Examples

42. Covalent Bonds Examples

43. Covalent Bonds Examples

44. Covalent Bonds Examples Structural Diagram for CO2 Structural Diagram for NH3