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Review from last class….

Review from last class…. Higher order conditioning Overshadowing (Stimulus Features) Blocking & Latent Inhibition (Prior Experience). second-order CS. first-order CS. tone (CS1) food (US). Higher Order Conditioning. Need to maintain 1 st order conditioning Tone-Food

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Review from last class….

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  1. Review from last class…. • Higher order conditioning • Overshadowing (Stimulus Features) • Blocking & Latent Inhibition (Prior Experience)

  2. second-order CS first-order CS tone (CS1) food (US) Higher Order Conditioning • Need to maintain 1st order conditioning • Tone-Food • Note that Light is still never directly paired with food! Light (CS2) But what would happen to the Tone? - Extinction! Phase 1: ToneFood Phase 2: LightTone ToneFood

  3. Overshadowing (Stimulus Features) • A more salient stimulus will interfere with learning about less salient stimuli • e.g. compound stimuli • Loud noise & dim light  food • Light not learned about

  4. Blocking (Prior Experience) • Novel stimuli presented in compound with an existing CS will not be learned about • CS must be informative (i.e. add new information) • Light won’t be learned about

  5. Latent Inhibition (Prior Experience) • Pre-exposure to a CS makes it harder to condition • Learn first that CS does not signal US MORE TRIALS! Phase 1: Buzzer  No Food Phase 2: Buzzer  Food “Regular” Classical Conditioning: Buzzer  Food

  6. Chapter 4 Pavlovian (Classical) Applications

  7. Fear

  8. Conditioned Suppression • Conditional Response (CR) involves suppress behaviour that would otherwise be performed 1) Train rat to press bar for food 2) Classical Conditioning: Pair light with shock • Scared rats “freeze” • i.e. when shock is coming, the rat will freeze • While the rat is “frozen with fear”, it will NOT be pushing the bar • After conditioning, the rat should freeze in response to the light (CR) • Compare the amount of bar pressing when light is off and when light is on

  9. Conditioned Emotional Response • Emotional reactions • Learned • Classical conditioning

  10. Little Albert • Watson & Rayner (1920) • Hard line behaviourist • Nature vs Nurture • Fear previously thought to be: • Innate • Faulty reasoning • Initial studies showed that infants NOT afraid of many “innately frightening” stimuli • E.g. snakes, fire, rats • Conditioned fear

  11. Methodology • Albert (11 months old) • Present rat … observe • No initial fear • Present rat … bang metal bar (loud noise) • UR = startle • Present rat … Albert cries, avoids • CR • Present other furry objects • generalization

  12. Terminology • US = noise • UR = startle response/fear • CS = rat • CR = fear/avoidance

  13. Conclusions • Fear response produced through classical conditioning • Watson suggests fear, hate, love conditionable

  14. Albert Issues • Sample size • Replication • Generalization to other objects

  15. Prejudice • Prejudice related to hate and fear • Hate and fear conditionable • Staats & Staats (1958) • Paired positive, negative, neutral words with nationalities • Subjects rate nationalities • Ratings correspond with conditioning

  16. In real life… • Where do these associations come from? • Political speeches • Media coverage • Negative images, words, impressions paired with identifiable group

  17. Counter Conditioning • Mary Cover Jones (1924) • Eliminate phobia via classical conditioning • Peter feared rabbits • Peter eats snack (US) … present rabbit (CS) • Associate positive US with CS

  18. Systematic Desensitization • A type of Counter-conditioning • Also Aversion therapy • Relaxation techniques • Gradual introduction of phobic stimulus • Imagination up to real situation

  19. Flooding • “Flood” patient with exposure to fear-inducing stimulus • Not counter-conditioning • Kind of like habituation but… • … not discreet trials!

  20. Advertising

  21. First-Order C.C. in Ads • Product (initially neutral --> CS) • Pair with stimulus that elicits positive emotion (US) • Consumer sees product, has positive CR

  22. Example • Sausages • US = funny situation • UR = happiness • CS = brand • CR = happiness, amusement, positive emotion

  23. Example

  24. Second-Order C.C. • Use previously conditioned celebrity, situation, etc. • CS1 & US • Now, pair brand (CS2) with CS1

  25. Example • Sprint • Peyton Manning = CS1 • Positive feeling = CR • Attractive, successful, lifestyle = US • Positive feeling = UR • Sprint mobility = CS2 • Assumption: buy phone, be rich, popular, laser rocket arm

  26. Example • Japander.com • Brad Pitt and 503 Jeans • Pitt (CS1), leading man, celebrity, rich, pretty = desirable (US), 503s (CS2) • Performance-void

  27. Problems • Celebs don’t always maintain status • Tom Cruise spoof • Michael Jackson

  28. Paraphilia

  29. Paraphilia • “Incorrect love” • Fetishism, masochism, pedophilia, etc. • More common in males • Freud: unconscious forces • Classical conditioning: association formed

  30. Example: Masochism • Generally, CS is previously neutral • But, a US, by pairing with another strong US, can become a CS • Pavlov: shock (CS) for food (US) • Masochism: pain (CS) for sexual pleasure (US)

  31. Counter Conditioning • Pair undesired CS with strongly aversive US (e.g., nausea) • Aversion therapy • Awareness not necessary for conditioning

  32. Treatment • Very difficult with some types of paraphilia • Pedophilia, rape? • Evolutionary Psychology • Male attraction to youthfulness • Desire for dominance and power

  33. Taste Aversion

  34. Typically • Long-delay or trace conditioning • US is food poisoning, illness, etc. • UR is nausea induced pain • CS is novel food/flavour • CR is avoidance, nausea • Violation of contiguity?

  35. Explanations? • Sensitization • Aftertaste • Biological preparedness • Taste aversion a special case

  36. Biological Preparedness in Taste-Aversion • Garcia & Koelling (1966)

  37. Explanation • Biological predisposition • Taste and nausea • Audiovisual and shock • Must know about CS-US relationship before predicting nature of CR • Certain stimuli more easily associated than others

  38. Immune Function

  39. Allergic Reaction • Release of histamines • Body’s immune response to allergens • Not all allergic responses biological • Can be learned

  40. Examples • Patient sneezes when presented artificial rose • Allergies to pets; sometimes not as bad if don’t know if pets are in house

  41. Russell et al. (1984) • Expose guinea pigs to BSA • Becomes allergen (US for histamine release) • Pair BSA with odour of fish or sulphur (CSs) • Expose guinea pigs to odours and get increased histamines (CR) in bloodstream • Preparatory value of classical conditioning

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