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The Brain & Cranial Nerves

The Brain & Cranial Nerves. Ch 14. spine. brain. Development of the neural tube from embryonic ectoderm. Embryonic Development. Brain Development. Coverings of the Brain- Meninges. skin. skull. dura mater. arachnoid layer. pia mater. cerebral cortex. Menenges:

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The Brain & Cranial Nerves

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  1. The Brain & Cranial Nerves Ch 14

  2. spine brain

  3. Development of the neural tube from embryonic ectoderm

  4. Embryonic Development

  5. Brain Development

  6. Coverings of the Brain-Meninges skin skull dura mater arachnoid layer pia mater cerebral cortex

  7. Menenges: • Covers and protects CNS • Protects blood vessels and encloses venus sinuses • Contains CSF • Forms partition within the skull

  8. Cerebruspinal Fluid Brain Ventricles CSF Spinal Cord Lf. Ventricle Rt. Ventricle Saggital View Anterior View

  9. Ventricles

  10. CSF • 150 ml in adult • contains: glucose, proteins,lactic acid, urea, cations, anions, WBC • Functions: • Reduces wt. of brain by 97% • Prevents head injury • Supplies brain with nutrition • Transports hormones along ventricular channels

  11. Occipital Lobe The Cerebrum Brainstem Cerebellum The Brain Parietal Lobe Frontal Lobe Temporal Lobe

  12. corpus callosum cerebrum thalamus hypothalamus pituitary pons medulla oblongata spinal cord Pineal gland cerebellum

  13. Cerebrum • Involved with higher brain functions. • Processes sensory information. • Initiates motor functions. • Integrates information.

  14. cerebral cortex white matter corpus callosum basal ganglia ventricles Cerebrum Cross-Section

  15. Motor, Sensory & Association Cortex

  16. Primary Sensory Cortex

  17. Primary Motor Cortex

  18. Right-Left Specialization of the Cerebrum left side • language development • mathematical & learning capabilities • sequential thought processes right side • visual spatial skills • musical and artistic activities • intuitive abilities

  19. Diencephalon hypothalamus thalamus pituitary

  20. Diencephalon

  21. Thalamus • Relay center for sensory tracts from the spinal cord to the cerebrum. • Contains centers for sensation of pain, temperature, and touch. • Involved with emotions and alerting or arousal mechanisms.

  22. The Reticular Formation

  23. Hypothalamus Regulates: • autonomic control center- blood pressure, rate and force of heart contraction, center for emotional response and behavior • body temperature • water balance and thirst • sleep/wake cycles • appetite • sexual arousal • control of endocrine functioning: • Acts on the pituitary gland through the release of neurosecretions.

  24. Hypothalamus

  25. The Limbic System The Limbic System

  26. Midbrain • Contains ascending and descending tracts to the cerebrum and thalamus. • Reflex center for eye muscles. • Also involved with processing visual and auditory information (connects head movements with visual and auditory stimuli).

  27. Pons • Connects the two halves of the cerebellum. • Regulates breathing.

  28. Medulla Oblongata • Composed of nerve tracts to and from the brain (these tracts cross over left to right and right to left) • May be regarded as an extension of the spinal cord • Almost all of the cranial nerves arise from this region

  29. Medulla Oblongata • Contains control centers for many subconscious activities • Respiratory rate • Heart rate • Arteriole constriction • Swallowing • Hiccupping • Coughing • Sneezing

  30. Cerebellum • Controls and coordinates muscular activity. • Important in equilibrium, posture and movement.

  31. Cranial Nerves • On OldOlympus Towering Tops A Fat Voracious German Viewed A Hop • Olfactory- smell • Optic- vision • Oculomotor- 4 of the 6 extrinsic eye muscles • Trochlear- extrinsic eye muscles • Trigeminal- sensory fibers to the face and motor fibers to the chewing muscles • Abducens- controls eye muscles that turn the eye laterally • Facial- facial expression • Vestibulocochlear- hearing and balance • Glosopharyngeal- tongue and pharynx • Vagus- from medulla- acetylcholine slows heart & breathing • Accessory- accessory part of vagus nerve • Hypoglossal- moves muscles under tongue

  32. Cranial Nerves Olfactory Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducens Facial Vestibulocochlear Glossopharyngeal Vagus Accessory Hypoglossal

  33. Olfactory Nerves I Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract Filaments of olfactory nerve Olfactory receptor cell

  34. Optic Nerves II

  35. Oculomotor Nerves III

  36. Trochlear Nerves IV

  37. Trigeminal Nerves V

  38. Abducens Nerves VI

  39. Facial Nerves VII

  40. Vestibulochoclear Nerves VIII

  41. Glosopharyngeal Nerves IX

  42. Vagus Nerves X

  43. Accessory Nerves XI

  44. Hypoglossal Nerves XII

  45. Traumatic Brain Injuries • Concussion • Contusion • Subdural or subarachnoid hemorrhage • Contrecoup injury

  46. Cerebrovascular Accidents (CVAs) • Ischemia • Thrombus • Embolism • Arteriosclerosis • Stroke

  47. Degenerative brain diseases • Alzheimer’s • Down’s • Parkinson’s • Huntington’s Chorea • MS • Epilepsy • Schizophrenia

  48. PET Scans F-Dopa deficiency

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