Risk Reduction & Rehabilitation Branch UN-Habitat

1. Resilient Cities: Policies and practice and the implications for UN‐HabitatNairobi, 11 April 2013 Risk Reduction & Rehabilitation Branch UN-Habitat 1

2. Presentation Overview • State of disasters • Timeframe of DRR and Resilience • Trends and Policies of Donors and UN agencies related to Resilience • UN-Habitat's approach, programmes, and projects on resilience • Content of the City Resilience Profiling Programme (CRPP) • CRPP linkages to UN-Habitat structure

3. Key Questions • What is ‘resilience’? • What are the global trends and policies regarding the ‘resilience’ agenda? • What are the implications for UN-Habitat?

4. Photos of Recent Disasters Hurricane Sandy, 2012 Over 71 billion USD economic damage = 0.5% of GDP

5. Photos of Recent Disasters Tsunami after Tohoku Earthquake, 2011 235 billion USD economic damage = 4% of GDP

6. Photos of Recent Disasters Thailand floods, 2011 46 billion USD economic damage = 12% of GDP

7. Why Resilience? (1) Impacts of Disasters since 1992: No. of those Affected: 2012 Economic Damage: 1992 Economic damage amounts to 4.4 Billion Affected (64% of world’s population) 1988 25 years of Official Development Assistance Fatalities: 1.3 million killed (equivalent to 3,125 jumbo jets) (Source: UNISDR Factsheet on Impacts of Disasters since the 1992 Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit)

8. Why Resilience? (2) • Chronic/recurrent crises and humanitarian assistance - ‘Donor fatigue’? (e.g. Horn of Africa) • Cities hit by mega-disasters (e.g. Kobe, New Orleans) can take more than a decade to recover to their pre-disaster levels • Need to address and tackle root causes to crises to reduce recurrent damage and casualties • Need to ensure continuity (quick recovery) of services

9. Timeframe of DRR and Resilience • World Conference on Disaster Reduction (Kobe) • Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005-2015: The first international framework agreement on disaster risk reduction with five guiding principles • UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) as the agency to oversee the progress of HFA 2005 Making Cities Resilient Campaign (UNISDR) An advocacy campaign to build local governments’ commitment to the resilience agenda. Over 1,400 local governments registered. 2010 2012 Rio+20 (Rio) Resilience against natural disasters as one of the key elements of sustainable development Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction 2013 (Geneva) “Post-HFA” and “DRR and resilience in post-2015” to be discussed 2013 UN system-wide Action Plan on DRR and Resilience to be finalized World Conference for Disaster Risk Reduction (Japan) Post-HFA framework to be finalized 2015 ?

10. Policies of Donors related to DRR and Resilience

11. Policies of UN Agencies related to Resilience

12. General Trends and Analysis • Although HFA was issued in 2005, policies/strategies on DRR/resilience by donors or UN agencies are quite new (since the last few years). • Post-HFA after 2015 likely to focus more on capacity building of and reporting from cities and local governments in addition to its current focus on national governments. • Donors seeking cost-effectiveness (cost of preparedness vs. response) and looking for 1) effective ways to fund measures for resilience and 2) methods to measure their effectiveness • UN agencies adapting the concept of ‘resilience’ to fit in its own mandate with specific focus within the resilience agenda. • UNISDR’s Making Cities Resilient Campaign has been successful in raising awareness of local governments, but struggling to find operational measures to assist cities in DRR and resilience. • SDG Targets on DRR and resilience proposed by UNISDR: 1) Nations to halve disaster mortality, 2) Nations to halve disaster related economic loss, 3) All nations to develop a national DRR and resilience plan. But these targets are still contested...

13. UN-Habitat’s Approach to DRR and Resilience (1) • Risk Reduction: • Based on hazard(s) • Vulnerability driven • Spatial orientation • Sector-based assessments • Remedial ‘adaptation’ • Resilience: • Multi-hazard approach • Urban systems analysis • Integrated strategies • Forward planning and development • Resilience driven • Resilience of urban systems: “The ability of human settlements to withstand and recover from the impact of predictable hazards.” Three key principles: 1) reduction in loss of lives, 2) reduction in loss of assets, and 3) service continuity (quick recovery).

14. UN-Habitat’s Approach to DRR and Resilience (2) Normative Operational LGSAT: Local Government Self-Assessment Tool for Making Cities Resilient, developed by UNISDR and partners

15. Why City Resilience Profiling Programme? • Development gains of planned urbanization through urban legislation, urban planning, urban economy and urban basic services can only be achieved and sustained with urban resilience (i.e. Protecting lives and assets and ensuring continuity of services) (cf. UN-Habitat “Sustainable Urbanization: A New Vision”) • Local governments are the closest level of government to citizens and have a huge role to play in managing critical infrastructure and services and responding to crises • Donors’ need to measure the effectiveness of their investments, and practitioners’ need to identify functions which need to be rectified/improved • Reliable and verifiable framework to measure resilience is necessary, but no means of calibrating urban resilience has been developed to date

16. City Resilience Profiling Programme (CRPP): Outline • OVERALL GOAL: Cities are safer places to live and work as urban managers are able to implement strategic development planning and programmes that target specific indicators of resilience to multi-hazard catastrophic events • EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS: • An adaptable urban systems model suitable for all human settlements; • A set of indicators and standards for calibrating urban systems ability to withstand and recover from crisis; • Software systems that produce urban resilience profiles; • Global standards set for urban resilience; • A new normative framework for monitoring urban systems globally

17. City Resilience Profiling Programme (CRPP): Key Features • Partner Cities: Ten partner cities selected from the UNISDR Making Cities Resilient (MCR) Campaign partners; • Key partnerships: UNISDR, UCLG, Marsh Risk Consulting, city networks, industry, professional networks, academia, and agencies; • Linkages to Existing Campaigns: UN-Habitat World Urban Campaign, MCR Campaign; • Targeting Post Hyogo Framework for Action: City Resilience Profiling to be utilized for post-2015 planning and monitoring; • Targeting Habitat III conference 2016: For launching Urban Resilience Monitoring Programme and dissemination of results/outputs

18. Urban Systems Modeling Organization Spatial Elements National/State Planning Physical Elements National Public works District Housing/buildings Municipal Provincial Service Infrastructure District Metro Revenue systems Local Management Transport Neighborhood Functional Elements Block Public facilities Community Plot Individual Time

19. Who will benefit from the programme? (1) Monitor progress • Resilient cities are safer, more attractive to investors and new residents, and more able to recover quickly and with less loss of life and assets in the event of crises CRPP International Organizations National Government National Government Set standards of resilience Urban managers integrate resilience building in urban planning processes Cities Cities Cities Cities Cities Cities

20. Who will benefit from the programme? (2) • In addition to city governments and their residents as the primary beneficiaries: • Insurance providers-lower premiums, payouts; • Banks and financial institutions - safer mortgages; • Disaster management institutions - safer cities; • Medical services institutions - medical continuity; • Donors - less funding for post-disaster programmes; • Large-scale enterprises - safer investment climate Beneficiaries of CRPP Overall Goal of CRPP Large-scale enterprises Resilient Cities Medical services and institutions Residents National governments Banks - financial institutions Humanitarian/ODA providers Insurance providers

21. Tools and guidelines for urban managers for resilience Programme Outputs Analytical tools to assess resilience Profile of resilience for pilot cities Global targets and standards for measuring resilience Output Generic urban systems model Quantification of resilience indicators Software interface for users in other cities Secretariat for coordination with donors and partners Programme Normative guidance Research Tools/software development Profiling Empirical data from pilot cities Adapting risk models Adapting policy Guidance by city networks Technical expertise from private (IT) industry Experience/lessons learned from cities and countries Technical expertise from private (insurance) industry input Academic input & review Guidance by int’l organizations

22. Potential Linkages with Other Themes

23. Recent Developments • Contribution Agreement with Barcelona City Council signed: Hosting secretariat office, staff, etc.; • Ten partner cities selected:Balangoda (Sri Lanka), Barcelona (Spain), Beirut (Lebanon), Dagupan (Philippines), Dar es Salaam (Tanzania), Lokoja (Nigeria), Portmore (Jamaica), Talcahuano/ Concepcion (Chile), Tehran (Iran), and Wellington (New Zealand); Additional ‘Associate cities’ interested • Funding from the Government of Japan: Testing and upgrading Local Government Self-Assessment Tool (LGSAT) in CRPP partner cities and 5 cities in Japan.

24. References • FAO/EU, Measuring Resilience: A Concept Note on the Resilience Tool • FAO, 2001, Resilient Livelihoods: Disaster Risk Reduction for Food and Nutrition Security • http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/ourperspective/ourperspectivearticles/2012/08/15/building-resilience-the-importance-of-disaster-risk-reduction.html • http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/ourperspective/ourperspectivearticles/2012/04/16/road-to-rio-putting-resilience-at-the-heart-of-development.html • UNICEF, 2011, Programme Guidance Note on Disaster Risk Reduction (http://www.unicef.org/mozambique/FinalProgrammeGuidance-DRR10_2_2011.pdf) • http://leadership.ng/nga/articles/24646/2012/05/14/climate_change_unicef_plans_grassroots_disaster_resilient_programmes.html • http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/EB128/B128_R10-en.pdf • <Investing in a Safer Future: A Disaster Risk Reduction policy for the Australian aid program, 2009> http://ausaid.gov.au/Publications/Documents/disasterriskreduction.pdf • <2009-2010 Progress Report for the DRR Policy, AusAID, 2010> http://ausaid.gov.au/Publications/Documents/drrprogressreport0910.pdf • <The EU Approach to Resilience, 2012> http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/what/food-security/documents/20121003-comm_en.pdf • <EU Strategy for Supporting DRR in Developing Countries> http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2009:0084:FIN:EN:PDF • <Building Resilience to Recurrent Crisis: USAID Policy and Program Guidance> http://www.disasterriskreduction.net/fileadmin/user_upload/drought/docs/USAIDResiliencePolicyGuidanceDocument.pdf • <Resilient Livelihoods: Disaster Risk Reduction for Food and Nutrition Security, 2011> http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/tc/tce/pdf/FAO_Disaster_Risk_Reduction.pdf • <UNDP Towards Human Resilience, 2011> http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/Poverty%20Reduction/Towards_SustainingMDG_Web1005.pdf • <DRR Programme Guidance Note, UNICEF, 2011> http://www.unicef.org/mozambique/FinalProgrammeGuidance-DRR10_2_2011.pdf • <UNICEF Humanitarian Action for Children: Building Resilience, 2011> http://www.unicef.org/media/files/HAC2011_EN_PDA_web.pdf • <WFP Policy on Disaster Risk Reduction and Management> http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/resources/wfp239641.pdf • <Strengthening National Health Emergency and Disaster Management Capacities and Resilience of Health Systems> http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/EB128/B128_R10-en.pdf

25. THANK YOU!! Dan Lewis Chief, Urban Risk Reduction Unit Risk Reduction & Rehabilitation Branch UN-Habitat E-mail: Dan.Lewis@unhabitat.org