ON THE MOVE

1. ON THE MOVE Edexcel GCE Geography AS Unit 1 update PowerPoint presentation with notes January 2011

2. On the Move: changing EU migration trends Compulsory case study: eastern EU to the UK Compulsory case study: UK to Mediterranean The wider context: migration into Europe Answering exam questions on migration On the Move: changing EU migration trends PowerPoint outline

3. On the Move: changing EU migration trends Specification content

4. On the Move: changing EU migration trends The eastern EU nations have been source regions for migration since 2004 The UK and Mediterranean coastline countries are host nations for EU migration

5. Compulsory case study: eastern EU to the UK The EU post-accession migration turned into the largest mass migration to the UK in its history. April 2004 – Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Hungary and Czech Republic joined the EU. Since then, Bulgaria and Romania have also joined. This is a diffuse migration, with migrants travelling to peripheral parts of the UK, not just urban core areas. Background

6. Compulsory case study: eastern EU to the UK Recent trends (1) Immigration fell in the 3rd and 4th quarters of 2008 when the global credit crunch hit the UK economy Combined with rising return migration (due to fewer jobs), this meant a net loss at the end of 2009

7. Compulsory case study: eastern EU to the UK There were 1.4 million eastern European migrants living in the UK at the start of 2008. As many as half of these A8 migrants have since returned home, leaving perhaps only 700,000 in the UK. Improved conditions in Poland pull many home – while the poor economic prospects of the UK are now a push factor. Migration rules are due to be relaxed in Germany which may attract more eastern Europeans currently living in the UK. Recent trends (2)

8. Compulsory case study: eastern EU to the UK Economic impacts (UK)

9. Compulsory case study: eastern EU to the UK Economic impacts (UK)

10. Compulsory case study: eastern EU to the UK Demographic impacts (UK) Natural increase is also higher than it used to be - because many EU migrants are of child-bearing age and have a high fertility rate Migration looks set to be the largest growth factor for the UK in the next 25 years

11. Compulsory case study: UK to Mediterranean Three large countries with a Mediterranean coastline – they are all host nations for high numbers of “sun-seeker” migrants Background

12. Compulsory case study: UK to Mediterranean Spain has been badly affected by the global economic turndown. Millions of properties are unsold and values have crashed. Changing exchange rates have meant that the Pound now buys fewer Euros than ten years ago. As a result, the Mediterranean has become a slightly less attractive destination for retiring Brits. Recent trends

13. The wider context: migration into Europe Increasingly common request by Year 12 students Centre driven policy The GCSE specification was written with these students in mind Background This graph gives an indication of who comes to the UK and whether they work or are studying e.g. 80% of Australian migrants were working in 2010 Look at how much change is non-EU in origin (light blue-grey colour) - many are students

14. The wider context: migration into Europe Continuous migration has occurred into western Europe and more specifically the UK since 1945. This has generated a multi-ethnic society. Often this is post-colonial migration: in the UK, migrants came from ex-colonies that included India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and parts of the Caribbean. In the UK, many young people today describe themselves as being “British Asian” – their identity is partly rooted in Europe, but partly in Asia too. But recently, politicians have questioned the level of integration of ethnic minority communities such as some Asian communities in UK cities like Bradford, Leeds and Leicester, as well as many London Boroughs. . Multicultural challenge (1)

15. The wider context: migration into Europe MP Jack Straw says such clothing, as worn by a minority of Muslim women, is a "visible statement of separation and of difference" in the UK. He asks women visiting his office to consider removing it Multicultural challenge (2) Clothing worn by a minority of British Muslim women sometimes includes the hijab (a headscarf that covers the head and neck) and the niqab (a face veil) “The hijab is part of a spiritual journey. You try and wear clothes which are part and parcel of your spiritual life." Sarah Joseph is the London Editor of Emel, the Muslim lifestyle magazine and is a hijab wearer "I started wearing a hijab properly about 15 years ago. I've worked in social work for over 20 years. Wearing the hijab is part of my identity. I like looking smart, I like looking good.” Saleha Islam is head of London-based NSPCC Asian Child Protection Helpline

16. The wider context: migration into Europe The last Labour government phased in a point system between 2008 and 2010, designed to help control immigration by checking that economic migrants possess the skills that the UK economy actually is short of, and needs. Tier 1 - Highly skilled individuals Tier 2 - Skilled workers with a firm job offer, needed to fill specific gaps in the United Kingdom workforce Tier 3 - Low-skilled workers fill temporary labour shortages Tier 4 - Students Tier 5 - Temporary workers who are allowed to work in the United Kingdom for a limited period of time Political reaction (1)

17. The wider context: migration into Europe The new (2010) coalition government announced it would be “tough” on migration by cutting net migration to below 100,000. But it ran into trouble when business leaders announced that a cap on visas for skilled workers – set at 24,100 – was not enough. Business bosses think that this will threaten the UK’s role as a global hub – and Indian, Chinese and Brazilian TNCs will be unimpressed that they cannot transfer more staff to the UK. It is becoming harder for government to look tough on migration because fewer Brits are leaving due to the weak pound and fewer opportunities overseas due to the global recession. This means that net migration figure may rise even if fewer immigrants arrive! Political reaction (2)

18. The wider context: migration into Europe Foreigners with a student visa are the largest group of migrants that enter the UK each year. Universities rely heavily on the high fees paid by foreign students. Higher tuition fees for UK home students may reduce this dependency in future years. The student issue (1)

19. The wider context: migration into Europe The student issue (2) Nearly one third of this university's income comes from fees paid by non-EU students

20. Answering examination questions on migration May 2010 This is a good Section A response that would score full marks: it uses precise examples and answers directly using clear language

21. Answering examination questions on migration Jan 2010 Now try to attempt part (a) for homework using Figure 10 and some of the information contained in this presentation

22. Figures (c) Financial Times • Photographs (c) sean_the_postman & S. Oakes