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Dr. M. T. M. Mahees Senior Lecturer in Environmental Sociology Department of Sociology

Pinga Oya Symposium 2013 THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC & POLITICAL FACTORS AFFECTING SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IN PINGA OYA CATCHMENT. Dr. M. T. M. Mahees Senior Lecturer in Environmental Sociology Department of Sociology University of Colombo. THE MAP OF PINGA OYA CATCHMENT WITH FOUR DS.

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Dr. M. T. M. Mahees Senior Lecturer in Environmental Sociology Department of Sociology

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  1. Pinga Oya Symposium 2013THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC & POLITICAL FACTORS AFFECTING SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS IN PINGA OYA CATCHMENT Dr. M. T. M. Mahees Senior Lecturer in Environmental Sociology Department of Sociology University of Colombo

  2. THE MAP OF PINGA OYA CATCHMENT WITH FOUR DS Pinga Oya Mahaweli River

  3. Water pollution of Mahaweli

  4. Unauthorized constructions in PingaOya

  5. Water pollution in PingaOya

  6. INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH TO ECOLOGY OF PINGA OYA

  7. BACKGROUND OF STUDY AREA2008/ DS Reports

  8. ENVIRONMENTAL & OTHER ISSUES IN PINGA OYA • PingaOya being one of the major tributaries of Mahaweli, the water pollution in PingaOya directly affects Mahaweli River. • Waste disposal into PingaOya • Discharging of sewerage into PingaOya • Illegal constructions on the river basin • Infrastructure facilities for illegal constructions • Political influence and conflicts among the stakeholders due to environmental issues in PingaOya • Inter-ethnic contradictions and conflict tension due to water pollution

  9. OBJECTIVE • The main objective of this study is to examine the relationship between the socio-economic and political factor with the environmental problems of Pinga Oya

  10. Methodology • Secondary data • Observation • Household questionnaire survey (200) • Shop-owners' questionnaire survey (150) • In-depth interviews (30) • Stakeholders analysis (04) • Informal discussions (05) Explorative & qualitative (social science) study through quantitative findings (of natural science) based on case study through interdisciplinary approaches

  11. WATER QUALITY IN PINGA OYA Water quality in Pinga Oya by Gamunu Herath (2003) • DO decreased from 5mg/L to 4mg/L and • NO3 – N increased from 0.5 mg/l to 1.75 mg/l • Fecal colifrm levels as high as 7500 pfu / 100 ml. There is a strong relationship between fecal pollution and human settlements indicating frequent biological contamination from human excreta and solid waste discharged from houses and shops

  12. WATER QUALITY IN PINGA OYA……. The average water quality data of tributary (Pinga Oya) entering Mahaweli River near the Polgolla Reservoir Source: Werellagama, 2000

  13. GIS MAP PREPARED TO INDICATE BUILDING DENSITY

  14. CRUCIAL FACTORS INFLUENCING SW DISPOSAL Population & Building Density Solid Waste Disposal Cultural Notion of Dirt Social Construction of Risk

  15. KEY FINDINGS • Households (80%)and Women (94%)are more aware of environmental issues of Pinga Oya than Shop-owners (60%)and Male(78%) • Households, female, elders, Sinhalese, & respondents of lower education level hold stronger environmental attitude and concern of the area. • Political economy of the area is crucial in determining problems in Pinga Oya and other environmental issues • Economically rich and politically powerful groups cause more damage to Pinga Oya

  16. KEY FINDINGS… • Cultural notion of dirt, endogamous marriage, & extended family affect the ecological system of area • More political influence on construction which is found to be directly linked with many ecological crisis • Political favoritism and corruption disturbs proper conservation of PingaOya • Informal mechanisms are powerful than formal institutes

  17. MEAN COMPARISON OF ATTITUDE Education (shop-owners) Education N Mean t value Sig. (p=.05) Below A/L 64 32.48 Above A/L 82 31.07 4.58 .03 Ethnicity ( shop-owners) Ethnicity N Mean t value Sig. (p=.05)   Sinhala 60 32.70 Muslims 86 31.37 4.32.04 Gender (households) Gender N Mean t value Sig. (p=.05) Male 113 33.07 Female 87 35.56 8.57 .004

  18. ATTITUDE MEAN COMPARISON……. Age (households) Age N Mean t value Sig. (p=.05)   Below 35 84 34.20 Above 35 109 34.84 4.78 .030 Monthly Income ( households) Income N Mean t value Sig. (p=.05)   Below 25000/- 102 34.69 Above 25000/- 93 34.74 .002.967 Households & shop-owners Unit N Mean t value Sig. (p=.05) Household 200 34.64 Shop-owners 150 31.61 8.912 .003

  19. The relationship between business type and SW generation in shops

  20. The relationship between employment and household SW generation

  21. The relationship between household income groups and daily household solid waste generation

  22. Factors affecting household solid waste generation (Regression) Variable Coefficient Sd error p- value Weekly consumption of food (Rs) 0.362 0.014 0.005 Floor space of house (sq/ft) -0.039 0.094 0.741 Family size 0.560 42.111 0.000 Gender 0.064 124.026 0.527 Ethnicity 0.170 156.392 0.169 __________________________________________________________ Adjusted R Squared 0.472 Number of cases 200 Significance at a level of 0.05

  23. WHICH CATEGORY OF PEOPLE DISPOSES SOLID WASTE INTO PINGA OYA (Households) __________________________________________________ Frequency Percent __________________________________________________ Rich people 46 23.0 Middle class people 25 12.5 Poor people 2 1.0 All 117 58.5 Other 10 5.0 Total 200 100 ______________________________________

  24. Buildings constructed violates reservation rules Reasons for violation - Not enough land (42%) - Business purpose (33%) - Political support (32%) - Bribery (24%) - Selfishness (18%) Political influence on proper conservation of Pinga Oya (Shop-owners)

  25. Buildings constructed violates reservation rules Political influence on proper Environmental Mgtof Pinga Oya (Shop-owners) Reasons for violation - Not enough land (42%) - Business purpose (33%) - Political support (32%) - Bribery (24%) - Selfishness (18%)

  26. Issuing passport application by Akurana DS from 2000 to 2009

  27. Registration of buildings constructed in Akurana PS from 1963 t0 2009

  28. CONCLUDING REMARKS • Women and households who have close interaction with local environment are more aware of environmental crisis of area • Households, female, elders, Sinhalese and people with lower education level hold stronger environmental attitude and concern • A positive link of employment, livelihood and income with solid waste generation and environmental conservation of PingaOya • The political economy and business culture of area are strongly influential on environmental problems of PingaOya catchment. • Although women, informal mechanism( Mosque) and local culture are important, they are not properly utilized to control SW generation and water pollution of PingaOya • Political influences are found crucial in maintaining environmental rules and regulations of PingaOya catchment

  29. Acknowledgments- Professor C. Sivayokanathan,- Professor B.F.N. Basnayaka,- Crossing Boundaries Project- Dept of Agricultural Engineering & PGIA of University of Peradeniya- Dr. Thusiatha Amarasekara, Ms. Kumudini Kumarihami, Mrs. Marliya Subair, Mrs. Prabashini Jayasinghe

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