Quality Assurance

1. Quality Assurance Ideas and Tools for Meeting the Competitive Challenge M. W. Piczak September, 2004 L1

2. Defining Quality • No national standard • Rarely agreement • Many definitions including across organizations • Often a matter of emphasis and choice of words • Themes do emerge • Must fashion own definition Find your company’s definition

3. Some Definitions* • Zero defects • Do it right the first time • Excellence plus • Fitness for use (Juran) • Value for money • Satisfying the customer • Delighting the customer • Reliability and consistency • Conforming to requirements (Crosby) Any more? * taken from ‘Quality or Else’, 1990

4. Fitness for Use Linkages

5. Quality of Design • The bundle of benefits that designers aim to provide to consumers • Collection of customer needs and wants • Gathered by marketing • The target • Shown as specifications, tolerances • Specifications for services also

6. Good Design by • Innovative • Enhances product’s usefulness • Displays logical structure of a product where form follows function • Is unobtrusive • Is honest • Is enduring • Is consistent right down to the details • Is ecologically responsible • Is minimal design Examples?

7. Can we overdesign?

8. One Good Looking Metal Container

9. How Many Cupholders are Required?

10. Apparently 14

11. The Evolution of Shaving

13. Where to?

15. Necessary? • Cell phones that work under water • Lincoln Continentals that lower 1” over 60mph to improve aerodynamics • VCR/DVD features • Windshield wipers on headlights • VCR/DVD handsets • Central Tire Inflation System on Hummers

16. CTIS

17. Service Specifications • An airline industry example: • 90% of calls answered within 30 seconds • 90% of passengers checked within x minutes • 80% of flights delayed no more than 15 minutes • Baggage claim time is 10 minutes between 1st and last customer • Meal complaints < 3% • Staff complaints <1% Swissair, 1993

18. Hitting the Target • The degree to which you are able to consistently deliver on specs • What should your quality standard be? • 99.73% correct good enough?

19. Your 99.73% Target = • > 20,000 drug prescriptions wrong each year • > 15,000 babies dropped each year in hospitals • No electricity, water or heat for 9 hours each year • 500 incorrect surgical procedures done each week • 2,000 pieces of mail would be lost each hour

20. 6 Sigma = 3.4 ppm • The journey is toward 3.4 ppm • Few companies there • Local company Palnutt Tinnerman operates at 1/20 million defective • 1% defects is 10,000 ppm Literature reference has been made to measuring in ppb

21. 6 Sigma in Golfing Perspective • In golfing terms: • 2 sigma = missing 6 putts per round • 3 sigma = missing 1 putt per round • 4 sigma = missing 1 putt every 9 rounds • 5 sigma = missing 1 putt every 2.33 years • 6 sigma = missing 1 putt every 163 years • All of this is based on playing 100 rounds per year What sigma level are you at? Most companies are around 3-4 sigma…

22. Ethical Elements • Courtesy • Honesty • Safety • Environmentally sensitive Positive & Negative Examples?

23. Structural Elements • Strength • Viscosity • Hardness • Structural integrity • Machinability • Flatness • Durability Positive & Negative Examples?

24. Sensory Elements • Appeals to the senses including: • Visual • Aural • Taste • Touch • Smell • Aesthetics of presentation • Packaging • Image Positive & Negative Examples?

25. Timeliness Elements • On time arrival • On time departure • Reliability of delivery • JIT Positive & Negative Examples?

26. Commercial Element • Warranties • Guarantees • Returnability • Repairability • Source of manufacture • Union made? Positive & Negative Examples?

27. Customer Delight • Having your Saturn vehicle washed anytime you want during the first ownership experience • Netting the trunks of cars • Having your shoes shined after each repair • Lighted key ignition area • Repairman on time • Tilden comes to door to pick you up • A bureaucratic exercises a judgment in your favour Any others come to mind?

28. As it should be… • Customer delight is simply doing good by the customer where they are surprised to the extent someone did not give them a hard time • Thinking like a customer

29. The Slippery Slope • During 80’s, much self doubt • North America taking beating at hands of Japanese • No product categories exempt (cars, electronics, ship building, motorcycles) Does anyone get it right?

30. Phillip Morris Rugged Outdoor Shoes All purpose lubricants (WD-40) Artificial sweeteners Desktop computers Bulldozers Supercomputers Large tractors & combines Fast food Jeans Advanced education motorcycles Razors Soft drinks Washers, dryers Industrial controls Amusement parks Movie making Instant photography Mechanical writing instruments 24/7 news Large aircraft Helicopters minivans American Winners Arguably…

31. Dofasco Electronic devices Istec – WESCAM camera Whistler Mountain Canadian Prosthetics Foundation CANDU reactors Soft drinks Mining equipment Telecom equipment RIM Fox 40 whistle CAE Engineering Medical Services (MUMC) Environment products (Zenon) Space products (SPAR) Wines Beer Consulting engineering (Acres) Canadian Winners Arguably…

32. How Good Do You Have to Be? Part 1 Two hikers are going down a trail in the mountains when they meet up with a grizzly bear. One promptly stops to take off his big hiking boots and put on his running shoes. The second gives him an astonished look and comments “are you crazy, you can’t outrun a grizzly bear”. Says the first hiker: “I don’t have to – I only have to outrun you” Nice guy…

33. How Good Do You Have to Be? Part 2 “You don’t want to be considered just the best at what you do… You want to be known as the ONLY ones who do what you do?” Any products come to mind?

34. QA Tools: Alphabet Soup • ZD (zero defects) • TQM • ISO/QS/TS 9000, 14000, 18000, 16949 • Lean • 6 ∂ (sigma) • DOE/GRR/APQP/FMEA/QFD • SPC • CoQ (Costs of quality) • CQI • SDWTs/QCCs • And more Pick a few & stick with them

35. Why Hustle? Every morning as the sun peeks over the african veldt, an antelope awakens. It knows that it must run faster than the fastest lion or be eaten. At the same time, a lion opens its eyes. It knows it must outrun the slowest antelope or it will starve. It matters not whether you’re an antelope or a lion. When the sun comes up, you’d better be running.

36. A Caveat: Not for Us • Many departments will argue that SPC/6 Sigma are fine and have a rightful/necessary home in operations • SPC/6 Sigma don’t apply to staff or support departments True or False?

37. SPC Applications • City government • Hospital operations • Fighting crime • Industrial safety • Accounts receivable • Inventory management (ABC analysis) • Immigration procedures • Traffic safety

38. When Does it End? • “We never reach the end of anything… George Eastman, circa 1930

39. Cruel or what? “Quality is a race without a finish line…” unattributed

40. It’s About Survival, Isn’t It? “Remember, you don’t have to do any of these things… Survival is not mandatory.” W. Edwards Deming, circa 1970

41. Quality Assurance Ideas and Tools for Meeting the Competitive Challenge M. W. Piczak September, 2004 The End, for now L1