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Chpt 10 Pre World War II

Chpt 10 Pre World War II. Russia…Communism…Stalin. Lenin dies in 1924…Joseph Stalin takes his place as leader of the Communist party Stalin means “Man of Steel” like his personality – suspicious, cruel, ruthless

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Chpt 10 Pre World War II

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  1. Chpt 10 Pre World WarII

  2. Russia…Communism…Stalin • Lenin dies in 1924…Joseph Stalin takes his place as leader of the Communist party • Stalin means “Man of Steel” like his personality – suspicious, cruel, ruthless • Tried to turn Russia into an industrial power filled with collective farms – ended up killing over 10 million – Great Terror – imprisoned/killed anyone who he felt was a real or suspected traitor • Fear and massive propaganda kept Stalin in power

  3. Italy…Fascism...Mussolini • Benito Mussolini – wounded in WWI – felt like many other Italians – that his country had been shortchanged in the Paris Treaty • He (calling himself Il Duce) joined with others who were dissatisfied to form a Fascist Party • Fascism = nation more important than individual • Blackshirts (Thugs) terrorized the people into following orders – the frightened King made Il Duce Prime Minister • Outlawed political parties, set up secret police, set up fascist youth groups and created up a dictatorship

  4. Germany…Nazism…Hitler • Wounded in WWI Adolf Hitler, an Austrian painter, was also disgusted by the outcome of the Paris Treaty • He joined the National Socialist German Workers Party or Nazi Party – stood for German Ethnic Solidarity – as a great public speaker - he became the leader and tried to overthrow the GR gov’t – sent to prison for 5 yrs – served 9 mos. • Wrote autobiography Mein Kampf(my struggle) in prison • Believed that groups (Jews) – anti-Semitism - with in GR had weakened the country and lost the war and had to be gotten rid of • He wanted to beef up the military and expand GR borders to include GR living in other nations • Wanted to purify the “Aryan” race – blond hair – blue eyes – get “rid” of all who did not fit the type

  5. Germanys troubles… • Massive debt after WWI, high unemployment, devastating inflation • US stock market crash….loss of American investors… • Hitler and the Nazi’s promised to stabilize the country, rebuild the economy, and restore the empire that had been lost • By 1933 the Nazi party was the largest political party in GR Reichstag (parliament) – Hitler became the head of the GR state • Gave himself the title Der Fuhrer(the leader) as the new dictator of GR with full support of the Reichstag

  6. Hitler is added by his secret police, state controlled press, state controlled education system – Hitler was a German God • By the late 1930s – Hitler’s economic policies – rearmament and massive public works projects – ended the depression in GR • GR people loved him for it • However his political initiatives restricted personal freedoms • He openly attacked Jews, communists, and socialists

  7. Japan • Small Pacific island nation – unhappy with its lack of resources and markets – land poor and population rich – Japan wanted to set up an empire – ruled by a constitutional monarchy • Japanese military seized mineral rich Manchuria (Chinese) renames it Manchukuo and continued to take more control over Chinese territory over the next 5 years • Japans army easily won more land as Chinese army General Jiang Jieshi and Chinese communists General Mao Zedong continue the civil war in China

  8. Acts of Aggression… • IT, GR, JAP began aggressive actions • Neither the League of Nations nor other democratic nations were successful in stopping the aggression • The League of Nations had no standing army and no real power to enforce their decrees – it was only as strong as its members resolve – the Depression caused a severe lack of resolve all over the world – their enemies found that the League was long on words – short on actions

  9. GR Aggression… • Hitler worked to restore GR strength and nullifying the Treaty of Versailles • Rebuilt the economy, the army, navy, and air force – in defiance of the Treaty • Wanted Reich or state for GR people • Lebensraum or living space for GR people • He reclaimed the Saar region and sent his troops into the Rhineland

  10. IT Aggression… • Mussolini had his troops invade Ethiopia • The leader of independent Ethiopia - Haile Selassie appealed to the League of Nations for help • The League of Nations did little to nothing to stop the aggression

  11. Spanish Civil War… • Nationalist groups in Spain rebelled against the democratic Republic lead gov’t • Hitler and Mussolini set troops and aid to help the rebellion along • Nationalist leader Gen. Franciso Franco helped them test the latest in tank warfare • RUS gave some aid to SP while BR, FR, US hated the bloodshed but did nothing

  12. German Expansion… • 1936 – GR troops take over the Rhineland • 1938 – Hitler annexes Austria (Anschluss) and takes Sudetenland (Gr. people in Czech.) • 1938 BR & FR meet and agree to appeasement – neither was prepared for another war and many leaders were more concerned with RUS than GR • 1938 – Munich Pact – BR Pr Minister Neville Chamberlain met with Hitler – agreed to give up the Sudetenland for a period of peace

  13. FDR Opposes Aggression… • 1937 JAP violence in China took place without a declaration of war • Speaking from Chicago FDR said that no country is truly isolated and suggested that peace loving nations should band together to fight the aggression • Many Americans criticized FDR for his ideas and he backed down from his interventionist views for a time

  14. Poland… • 1939 – BR & FR warned Hitler to stay out of Poland – they promised aid to POL because they saw Hitler's intent • Hitler violated the Munich Pact and invaded POL • More concerned with RUS than BR and FR - Hitler signed an agreement with the Soviet Union not wanting to fight another two-fronted war – Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact was signed – publically promised not to attack each other – agreed to invade and divide POL

  15. Blitzkrieg… • Blitzkrieg – Lightening War – Tanks, artillery and soldiers carried by truck move in quickly before the foe had time to react • Sept., 1939 - Poland was completely taken over within one month – Stalin (RUS) quickly moved from the east and took the rest of Poland for the Soviet Union • BR and FR declared war on GR but did nothing to save POL • April 9 1940 – Hitler launched attack on Norway and Denmark – May 10 – blitzed Netherlands, Belgium and FR

  16. Axis Powers… • Eventually included GR, IT, JAP plus others

  17. Sitzkrieg… • “Sit-Down” war or Phony War – an 8 month period of waiting, watching, setting up, getting ready to strike • April 1940 – GR attacked Denmark and Norway – fell immediately • May 1940 – Sent a blitzkreig to Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg – all fell immediately • It seemed that Hitler was unstoppable

  18. Maginot Line… • FR had prepared for GR invasion – had set up armed fortresses along its western border called the Maginot Line • Between the GR and FR the area was called the Ardennes – hilly, forested area that was considered invasion proof • WRONG – GR tanks ran right through the lines of defense and pushed towards the English Chanel – hoping to pin the Allies against the beach

  19. Miracle of Dunkirk… • But for a few GR tactical errors – the BR were able to evacuate their troops from the FR port of Dunkirk • 338,000 FR and BR troops were able to escape by way of 900 civilian boats, yachts and fishing trolls across the English Chanel – codenamed Operation Dynamo • Churchill called it the Miracle of Dunkirk

  20. New BR Prime Minister Winston Churchill warned his people that “wars are not won by evacuations” • GR took Paris and forced FR to surrender in the same manner that ended WWI • Occupied FR = Northern section of FR controlled by the GR • Unoccupied FR or Vichy France = supposedly neutral but did collaborate with the Nazis

  21. Battle of Britain… • July 1940 - Codenamed Operation Sealion all depended on the GR Luftwaffe destroying the BR RAF and gaining control of the air over the English Chanel • Air battle fought over land and sea • RAF lost 1,000 planes – GR lost over 1,700 planes • GR bombed civilian and military targets destroying houses, factories, churches

  22. Edwin Murrow – Blitz - Youtube

  23. The Blitz… • Months long bombing campaign on the city of London known as The Blitz • The bombing was intended to soften up Britain so that an amphibious assault would be possible • But BR held on and Hitler mistakenly postponed the invasion due to winter weather and the RAF still flying strong

  24. US Favors Isolationism… • FDR shared Churchill’s concerns but he knew that most Americans wanted to stay out of another war • Most of the US was more concerned about the effects of the Great Depression than another war in Europe • Many believed that the US’s involvement had been a deadly mistake – with all that happened since WWI – did our involvement do any good?

  25. Why DID the US get in WWI? • Books/articles theorized why the US got into WWI • Big business had conspired to get the US into WWI in order to make huge profits off of the war • Nye Committee investigated – US Bankers and Arms Mfg. “Merchants of Death” did actually compel the US into the war • Made Americans that much more Isolationist

  26. Neutrality Acts… • To avoid the mistake again Congress passed the Neutrality Act of 1935, 1936, 1937 – imposed restrictions on Americans during times of war • Citizens could not sail on ships of nations that were at war • Could not make loans or trade arms or ammo to nations at war • Acts did not distinguish between Axis or Allies

  27. Neutrality Act of 1939… • FDR wanted to help fellow democratic countries who were at war – convinced congress to pass new neutrality acts • Cash and Carry provision – nations at war could buy goods and arms if they had cash up front to pay and had their own ships to transport them back • Since the BR navy was dominate on the oceans – Cash and Carry really helped the Allies

  28. Opposition to Cash and Carry… • Many citizens were opposed to Cash and Carry – they saw it as a way that FDR was getting us involved in another overseas war • Between 1940-1941 a great debate raged in the US about the US’s involvement • Debate increased after FR fell and left BR alone to fight against GR • Many wanted aid to be sent to BR

  29. Argument for Neutrality… • By giving aid to the Allies – we were harming the Axis and that that may lead to the US joining the war • America First Committee – isolationist group – held rallies – had speakers – openly criticizing FDR and his policies • Charles Lindbergh became a spokesman for the Committee

  30. Inching to Involvement… • Edw. R. Murrow – CBS – reported live from London during The Blitz – grabbing Americans attention with his reports about the families being driven from their homes • Many now felt that the US needed to at least be ready to defend itself • Selective Service Act passed Congress - training of 1.2 million soldiers and 800,000 reservists

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