 NOTICE 

2.  NOTICE  • These slides are provided to augment the lectures presented in Dr. Hatley’s History 2493-US Since 1877 course. If you miss class, you should not assume that merely perusing these will provide you with sufficient information to do well on examinations.

3. The New South The American South after 1877

4. The New South • Henry W. Grady (1851—1889) • An editor and part owner of the Atlanta Constitution newspaper

5. The New South • “The New South" speech to the New England Society of New York (22 December 1886). • Improved race relations • Crop diversification • Economic cooperation between North and South

6. The New South • Small farms • Thriving industries • Bustling cities • In other words, to become reality, the New South must emulate the North

7. The Road to a New South • Textile mills mushroomed from 161 in 1880 to 400 by 1900

8. The Road to a New South • Coal production increased from 4.6 million tons in 1875 to 49 million tons by 1900 • Birmingham, Alabama became the second leading steel producer in the US; what city produced the most steel?

9. The Road to a New South

10. The Road to a New South • Tremendous growth in the tobacco industry

11. The Road to a New South • Washington Duke, daughter Mary, and sons James, and Ben, sold tobacco in Durham, North Carolina

12. The Road to a New South • By 1872, W. Duke Sons & Co. produced 120,000 pounds annually

13. The Road to a New South • James “Buck” Duke (1856-1925) turned the company into one of America’s first monopolies

14. The Road to a New South • advertising, undercutting markets, cornering ingredients • Buck convinced four major competitors to merge with him to create the American Tobacco Company (1890)

15. The Road to a New South • Washington persuaded Trinity College to move to Durham (1892) • Buck created the Duke Endowment for Trinity and the institution changed its name (1924)

16. The Road to a New South Duke University

17. The New South • Two methods of tenant farming emerged: • Tenant • Sharecropping • crop lien

18. The New South • Redeemers or Bourbons • Solid South • laissez-faire

19. Jim Crow • Disfranchisement: poll taxes, grandfather clauses, literacy tests, and residency requirements. • Segregation: • Civil Rights Cases (1883)

20. Jim Crow From the 14th Amendment:“. . . nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.”

21. Jim Crow • Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) • “separate but equal” • The pattern for Jim Crow was set for the next sixty years. The issue of segregation did not gain national prominence again until the 1950s.

22. Settling the American West • 1876 Colorado • 1889 North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and Washington • 1890 Idaho and Wyoming • 1896 Utah • 1907 Oklahoma

23. Settling the American West • Who were these people who moved into the American West? • Miners and Prospectors

24. Settling the American West • Comstock Lode in Virginia City, Nevada (1859)

25. Settling the American West • Cattlemen • Sedalia, Missouri

26. Settling the American West • In 1867, Joseph McCoy persuaded the Kansas Pacific Railway to lay track through Abilene, Kansas

27. Settling the American West • US Marshal James Butler “Wild Bill” Hickok (1837-1876)

28. Settling the American West • Chisholm Trail–about 2,500-3,000 head per drive; averaged about 700,000 head per year • Ellsworth, Kansas • “Hey, what’s for supper?”

29. Fine Cuisine on the Trail • “Why, SoB Stew, of course!” • Cattle hearts, prairie oysters, tongues, liver, marrow, gut, and semi-digested food found in the stomachs of dead cattle.

30. Settling the American West • Dodge City, Kansas • Dodge City Peace Commissioners (Wyatt Earp and Bat Masterson)

31. Settling the American West • Who shows up next? • Farmers or “Sodbusters” • The Federal Government actively encouraged westward migration; it shifted from selling land to giving it away

32. Settling the American West • Homestead Act (1862) A quarter section=160 acres free • (1) stake a claim and live on it five years • (2) Union vets waited one year • (3) live on it six months, then buy it at $1.25 an acre

33. Settling the American West • Settlers acquired 274 million acres under this act • Timber Culture Act (1873) • 160 acres free to claimant; 160 more to those who promised to plant 40 acres of trees

34. Sod schoolhouse, Woods Co. Oklahoma, 1895

35. Settling the American West • Railroad Land Grants (1862) • Massive loans and at least 200 million acres to the various railroads—10 square miles of land per mile of road; 1866 raised to 20 square miles and eventually went as high as 40.

36. Settling the American West • The Cherokee Strip: Given to Seminoles, Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, and Chickasaws.

37. Stand Waite (1806-1871) Brigadier General in the Confederate States army

38. Troop C 5th US Cavalry Oklahoma, 1888 Arrested boomers and squatters

39. Settling the American West • On 22 April 1889, the Federal government opened the unoccupied areas of the strip to non-Indian settlement. • “Sooners”

40. Settling the American West • The Glamorous Side of Farming: • grasshoppers, hailstorms, prairie fires, blizzards, tornadoes, droughts, and dust storms

41. Settling the American West • Folksong from an Oklahoma county: • “Hurrah for Greer County! The land of the free, the land of the bedbug, grasshopper, and flea; I’ll sing of its praises, I’ll tell of its fame, while starving to death on my government claim.”

42. Settling the American West • The 1870s brought technological improvements: • threshing machines, hay mowers, planters, and manure spreaders—very expensive machines. • To start, farming required a minimum investment of $1,000

43. Settling the American West • Technological innovation allowed for greater efficiency and the production of huge crops. • From 1869 to 1899, the US doubled its agricultural output, making it the world’s largest producer of agricultural goods.

44. Settling the American West • Increased production coupled with rapid railroad transportation, led to glutted markets, and prices fell. • Problems faced by Farmers became the basis for the eventual Populist Revolt

45. Rise of American Industry • Throughout the last half of the 1800s, the US became increasingly industrialized. • By 1900, the US had replaced Great Britain as the world’s largest producer of manufactured goods.

46. The Railroad • The railroad fueled the growing US economy. How? • (1) First Big Business in US • (2) Magnet for financial investment • (3) Key to opening the West • (4) Aided development of other industries

47. Problems Within the Railroad Industry • CréditMobilier Scandal (1872) • Jay Gould (1836-1892)

48. Problems Within the Railroad Industry • Railroads overbuilt • Mid-1870s, numerous railroads went bankrupt • $5.1 Billion; helped to cause the depression of 1873-1879

49. Inventions • Inventions registered with the US Patent Office: • 1790s-276; 1890s-234,956 • Post-Civil War Inventions: barbed wire, air brake for trains, typewriter, vacuum cleaner, and the internal combustion engine.

50. Inventors and Inventions • Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) • Patented the telephone (1876) • Bell Telephone Company (1878)