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Biochemical Unity of Life

Biochemical Unity of Life. Mass difference is 100,000,000 X but at a molecular level remarkable similar. In what ways are bacteria, plants, & elephants biochemically similar?. Elements of Life and their Availability. Miss selection for carbon and silicon?. Consider :

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Biochemical Unity of Life

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  1. Biochemical Unity of Life Mass difference is 100,000,000 X but at a molecular level remarkable similar. In what ways are bacteria, plants, & elephants biochemically similar?

  2. Elements of Life and their Availability Miss selection for carbon and silicon? Consider: [1] Bond strength in catabolism/ anabolism [2] Combustion products

  3. Biochemical Functional Groups

  4. Biochemical Functional Groups

  5. Biomolecules: Four Major Classes I. Proteins – Catalysis, Structure and energy Directional convention:

  6. Amino Acid Chemical Structure Representations Name the structure and color types? Why have these different representations?

  7. Biochemical Polymers • Finite common monomer motif generates a huge polymer variety • Specific residue linkage • Polymer directionality Synthetic or natural monomer/polymer pairs?

  8. Biochemical Polymers Dehydration Synthesis Peptide bond H2O + Dipeptide

  9. The Protein Cytoskeleton Provides Cell Shape and Movement Are also proteins shown that are involved in catalysis?

  10. Human Endothelin: Polypeptide Structure A signaling protein that constrict blood vessels and raise blood pressure Twenty one amino acid residues Shaded blue to red (N→C)

  11. Biomolecules: Four Major Classes II. Nucleotides – Information catalysisand structure Adenosine Triphosphate: building block/energy storage Adenine Ribose Triphosphate What is the difference between a nucleotide, a nucleoside, and a nucleic acid?

  12. Nucleotides: Sugars and Bases Compare and Contrast: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) versus Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

  13. Biochemical Polymers Dehydration Synthesis + H2O + Phosphodiester bond

  14. Nucleic Acid Sequence: Structural Representations How can you ascertain if this is an RNA or DNA sequence? What is the color coding in this structure? CGUACG

  15. Biomolecules: Four Major Classes III. Lipids – Energy Storage and Barrier Common structural features for lipids?

  16. Biomolecules: Four Major Classes IV. Carbohydrates – Fuel, Structure and Information How many chiral centers in glucose? In what form do humans store sugars?

  17. Biochemical Polymers Dehydration Synthesis + + H2O Glycosidic bond

  18. Glucose and its Polymers Starch and Cellulose Humans are excellent at distinguishing metabolite stereochemistry Match terms with cellulose or starch: Edible/Inedible; Helical/Linear; Alpha/Beta-Linked

  19. Biological Functions for Biopolymers What is an example of polysaccharides encoding for information?

  20. Carbon Oxidation and Reduction: Life’s Energy Exchange Where would sugars, lipids, gasoline, carbon dioxide and methane gas be placed on an poor/rich energy scale?

  21. Carbon Oxidation Ranking from Most Oxidized to Most Reduced How does acetyl-aldehyde versus ethanol rank in terms of energy content?

  22. Gibb’s Free Energy Indicates Reaction Spontaneity A → C ∆G = ∆H - T∆S ∆G°ʹ = ∆H°ʹ - T∆S°ʹ ∆G = ∆G°ʹ + RTlnKeq What determines if a reaction is spontaneous in the forward direction reverse direction or at equilibrium?

  23. Entropy (∆S) is a measure of Disorder Lower Entropy Higher Entropy Enthalpy (∆H) is a measure of Heat Content Negative ∆H → Exothermic reaction Positive ∆H → Endothermic reaction What is ∆G, ∆H and ∆S for: Burning paper? Dissolving (NH4)2SO4 in H2O?

  24. Chapter 1 Problems: 1-20 and 37

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