Moon Landing

1. Moon Landing Fact or Fiction ?

2. Presentation by: • Khaled Mostafa Mansour • Ahmed Emad Salama • Yehia El-Ghandour

3. Things that we should know about our Moon: • The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite. • The average centre-to-centre distance from the Earth to the Moon is 384,403 km. • The Moon's diameter is a little more than a quarter that of the Earth. • The Moon makes a complete orbit around the Earth every 27.3 days. • The pull of gravity of the Moon, at its surface, is about 17 percent that of the Earth. • The Moon has to faces (Maria & Terrae ), however we only see Maria because the Moon keeps nearly one of its faces turned towards the Earth at all times.

4. How did Moon Landinghappen? First scientists used artificial objects to study the process of Moon travel. • The first trip of an artificial object from Earth to Moon was named Luna 1. It successfully escaped Earth's gravity but didn’t land on Moon. • Luna 2 was the first to succeed in landing, Luna 3 was the first to succeed in taking pictures and through 1959 to 1960, Luna 9 successfully had a soft land on the Moon and Luna 10 was the first to have a vehicle landing on the Moon. All these exploration of the Moon facilitated the way for the Apollo program to take place.

5. Apollo 11 • On July 16, 1969, the Apollo 11, headed by Commander Neil Armstrong, launched from the Kennedy Space Center. • On July 20, 1969, specifically at 02:56 UTC, Commander Neil Armstrong became the first man on the Moon. • Astronauts, to walk on the Moon's surface, needed to wear a space suit with portable life support system controlling the oxygen, temperature and pressure. • The crew spend a total of two and a half hours on the Moon's surface performing a variety of experiments and collecting soil and rock samples to return to Earth. • Before their launch back to Earth, An American flag was left on the Moon's surface as a reminder of the accomplishment. • After re-entering the Earth's atmosphere, parachutes opened to safely land into the Pacific Ocean, the crew were retrieved by a helicopter and taken to the recovery ship where the crew and lunar samples were placed in quarantine until their health and safety could be confirmed. • On July 24, 1969, the Apollo 11 had successfully completed its mission. • In later Moon landings, the astronauts used the Lunar Rover vehicle to help explore more of the Moon's surface.

6. Moon Rocks • 382 kilograms of Moon rocks was successfully brought back to Earth. • These samples have been independently analyzed by geologists from all over the world for more than thirty years. • The conclusion reached upon these analyses is basically 100% unanimous; these rocks could not have originated on Earth and must have come from the Moon. • The Moon rocks are currently in the possession of NASA

7. Hypothesis • Although, on July 1969, NASA stated that they have successfully completed its mission to be the first to travel to Moon, land on its surface and return back to Earth, many scientists accuse NASA and possibly members of other involved organizations that some or all elements of the Apollo Moon landings were faked. • Some groups and individuals have advanced various theories which tend, to varying degrees, to include the following common elements: • The Apollo Astronauts did not land on the Moon. • NASA and possibly others intentionally deceived the public into believing the landing(s) did occur by manufacturing, destroying, or tampering with evidence, including photos, telemetry tapes, transmissions, and rock samples. • NASA and possibly others continue to actively participate in the conspiracy to this day. • As a result, both sides started presenting their evidence to the public to confirm their claims (As shown in the following slides).

8. Raise Hands and Participate • How many happen to know about that issue? • What do you believe, Fake or Real ? • Why would you believe that ?

9. Accusations claiming that it was fake! • Respond supporting that it was real and successful!

10. Why was the flag wavering on the Moon? Reason 1 • The astronauts were moving the flag into position, causing motion. • Since there is no air on the Moon to provide friction, these movements caused a long-lasting undulating movement seen in the flag. Reason 2 • There was a rod extending from the top of the flagpole to hold the flag out for proper display. • The fabric's rippled appearance was due to its having been folded during flight and gave it an appearance which could be mistaken for motion in a still photograph.

11. How can they make footprints on a solid dry ground? • If you take some dry fine-grained dust and dump it out, it's easy to make tracks in it that hold their shape. • The particles hold their positions due to the friction between them.

12. Why are their multiple-angle shadows in the Moon photos? It looks like there was more than one source of light, like a large studio lamp. Reason 1 • In Moon there is no atmosphere and so the Sun radiation doesn’t spread well. • Consequently, astronauts have got with them many light resources (such as lamps) in order to help them lightening the parts they are standing on and this has resulted in the multiple angle shadows. Reason 2 • The astronauts were taking their photos on a hilly, brightly-lit landscape while the Sun was close to the horizon. • The shape of the ground would produce shadows of many different lengths.

13. Why stars are missing from the photographs when space is littered with them? • If you've ever taken a photograph outside at night you'll notice that faint distant objects don't show up. • It's because the brightness of the nearby objects washes out the film .

14. Additional Anti-Hoax claims • The Apollo 11 mission left a laser reflector at its landing site. This reflector has been used ever since, to enable anyone with the correct equipment to measure things such as the exact distance to the Moon. • The Russians were watching the USA space program like hawks and analyzing everything the Americans did. If there was the slightest suggestion that a hoax was happening, the Russians would have been telling the world about it. • In January 2004 President Bush announced a new initiative to return to the Moon by 2020, and called on other nations to become involved in the project. Why would he invite other countries to participate if the landings had been faked?

15. Raise Hands and Participate • So upon knowing about the accusations and the way it was justified & based on your personal degree of convincement. • How many of you think that they might change their opinion about that issue ? (Supporting the opposite view)

16. Evaluation • Any hypothesis that is contradicted by the observable, logical and scientific facts should be rejected. • That’s why, we need first to understand the difference between science and bad science.

17. What is Science & Bad Science ? You should know first that true scientists should be self-critical, trying to disprove their hypotheses by all available means. Science • is generally characterized by careful observations, often aided by tools, devices and fair and unbiased reports of an observed phenomena. • It must have a social dimension through which many independent observers can all make and reproduce the same observations Bad Science • usually refers either to substandard scientific methods or to findings that have been arrived at by misapplications of the tools of science, start with a predetermined belief and then filter observations so as to try to support that belief. Science and Bad science can be objectively measured in terms of efficiency of knowledge acquisition.

18. Conclusion • Upon analyzing both points of views in the light of science and bad science, it was evident that science had clearly responded to all claims, using observation, logic and scientific explanations, that attempted to prove that the Moon landing was a hoax. • We have concluded that Moon landing is a true accomplishment that everyone should praise and admire. • Indeed, President Kennedy's objective to land men on the Moon and return them safely to Earth had been accomplished.

19. The End Thank You for your time

20. Sources • http://www.museumofhoaxes.com/hoax/weblog/comments/3453/ • http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/top10apollohoaxes.html • http://www.kidport.net/RefLib/Science/MoonLanding/MoonLanding.htm • http://www.dave.co.nz/space/Moon-hoax/overview-nasa.html • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_science