Lynn Price 环境能源技术室 美国劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室 Environmental Energy Technologies Division

1. 工业能源效率： 国际最好实践的案例 Industrial Energy Efficiency: Examples of International Best Practices July 10-11, 2008 2008年7月10-11日 Lynn Price 环境能源技术室 美国劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室 Environmental Energy Technologies Division Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

2. 工业领域的重要性Importance of Industrial Sector • 全球范围内，工业领域占全球总能耗和与之相关的CO2排放量的37%。 Globally, the industrial sector accounts for 37% of energy use and energy-related CO2 emissions • 这一比重在发展中国家更高，因为这些国家的基础设施建设和城市化进程对工业原料的需求更大。 Share is higher in developing countries, where infrastructure construction and urbanization places heavy demands on industrial materials • 取决于定义的不同，中国的工业领域占了全国总能耗的60%到70%。 Depending upon how it is defined, industrial sector in China accounts for 60% to 70% of all energy consumption

3. 工业领域的重要性Importance of Industrial Sector

4. 工业领域的重要性Importance of Industrial Sector 注：此处工业包括农业用能。 来源：de la Rue du Can 和 Price, 2008; Murtishaw et al., 2005; Price et al., 2006; 美国EIA, 2007; 中国国家统计局, 2005

5. 环境挑战The Environmental Challenge • 大规模的工业生产和高能耗造成了严重的环境污染 • High levels of industrial production and energy use can have serious environmental consequences including: • 空气污染 air pollution • 水污染 water pollution • 工业废物 industrial waste • 温室气体排放带来的全球气候的变暖 • greenhouse gas emissions contributing to global warming • 不挖掘提高能效的潜力也相当于造成经济损失 • Untapped potential energy efficiency improvements also represent economic losses • 能效的提高将减少污染物的排放和节约成本。 • Improved energy efficiency will reduce many of these emissions and save money

6. 如何降低工业能耗How to Reduce Industrial Energy Use • 转向能耗较低的产业 Shift to Less-Intensive Industries • 在工业化阶段，这一措施难以执行 Difficult during industrialization phase • 中国已是“世界工厂” China is “world’s factory” • 改善工业基础 Improve Industrial Base • 新设施：设计标准（执行力是关键） • New facilities: design standards (enforcement is important) • 现有设施：更新老旧的，低效的设备，淘汰效率最低的设备设施 • Existing facilities: replace old, inefficient equipment, close down most inefficient facilities • 所需条件：Requires: • 新的，高效的技术 New, efficient technologies • 可从国外引进或运用国内技术 Import or produce domestically • 创新的，有效的政策和方案 • Innovative and effective policies and programs

7. 工业能源效率政策和方案Industrial Energy Efficiency Policies and Programs 重点政策和方案 Key Policies and Programs • 法规/标准 Regulation/Standards • 能源或CO2税收政策 Energy or CO2 Taxes • 排放交易方案 Emissions Trading • 协议/目标 Agreements/Targets • 金融支持和奖励 Financial Assistance and Incentives • 基准 Benchmarking • 审计/评估 Audits/Assessments • 报告 Reporting • 信息传播和示范 Information Dissemination and Demonstration • 政府和公众的认可 Government and Public Recognition 最有效的方案是将以上大部分要素都结合的方案。 Most effective programs are those that combine many of these elements

8. 工业能源效率政策和方案Industrial Energy Efficiency Policies and Programs 国际案例 International Examples • 荷兰长期能效协议 • Netherlands Long-Term Agreements • 英国气候变化税和气候变化协议 • UK Climate Change Levy and Climate Change Agreements • 美国工业能源之星 • U.S. Energy Star for Industry • 美国能源部工业技术项目 • U.S. Department of Energy Industrial Technologies Program

9. 荷兰 -长期能效协议Netherlands Long-Term Agreements 目标：在1989到2000年，工业能效提高20% Goal: increase industrial energy efficiency by 20% between 1989 and 2000 • 可行的能效改进措施 • Inventory of viable energy-efficiency improvement measures • 签署目标设置协议 • Target-setting agreements signed • 开发节能计划 • Energy Savings Plan developed • 年度监测 • Annual monitoring

10. 荷兰 -长期能效协议Netherlands Long-Term Agreements 政策和方案的支持 Supporting Policies and Programs • 补贴 • Subsidies • 投资能源减少交税 • Energy investment tax reduction • 信息传播 • Information dissemination • 能源设备审计 • Facility audits • 环境准入的简化手续 • Simplified procedure for environmental permits • 能源政策的一致性和对项目的保护 • Consistency in and protection from new energy regulation in industry

11. 荷兰 -长期能效协议Netherlands Long-Term Agreements 结果 Results: • 实现整体节能22.3% • Overall energy efficiency savings of 22.3% realized • 每减少一吨CO2，政府的成本为10-20美元，这个差别取决于补贴的成本是否包括在内。 • Cost to government of program was $10-20/tCO2 saved, depending upon whether full costs of all subsidies are included • 工业实现每年节约能源成本约6亿5千万美元 • Industry realizing ~$650 M per year in reduced energy costs % 提高的能效，1989-2000 % improvement in energy efficiency, 1989-2000

12. 英国气候变化协议UK Climate Change Agreements 目标：到2010年降低20%的CO2排放量（1990年的基线） Goal: 20% CO2 emissions reduction by 2010 (1990 baseline) • 气候变化税：对能源的征税（包括天然气，煤，液化气和电） • Climate Change Levy: tax on energy (natural gas, coal, LPG, electricity) • 如果公司同意并且实现降低温室气体排放量的目标后，公司的气候变化税将会有80%的折扣 。 • Companies that agree to and achieve GHG emissions reduction targets receive an 80% Climate Change Levy discount • 如果公司没有加入此协议，没有达到减排目标，则必须缴纳100%的能源税。 • Company that does not enter into an agreement that does not reach its target, must pay 100% of the energy tax

13. 英国气候变化协议UK Climate Change Agreements 政策和方案的支持 Supporting Policies and Programs • 碳信托基金会：是一个独立的机构，促进降低工业中的碳排放和商业发展。通过实地考察指导公司，并向提高能效的项目提供信息和低成本的贷款。 Carbon Trust: an independent body to promote carbon reductions in industry and commerce, advises industry through site visits, provides information and low costs loans for energy efficiency projects • 加强资本免税额计划：如公司购买节能设备（在政府制定的具体名单上），则可在进行投资的当年，在这一支出上获得100%的免税。 Enhanced Capital Allowance Scheme: Business can claim 100% tax allowances on their capital spending on specified energy saving equipment against their taxable profits for the year during which they make the investment • 国内排放交易计划 Domestic Emissions Trading Scheme • 对能效政策的“轻触摸” “Light Touch” on energy efficiency regulation

14. 英国气候变化协议UK Climate Change Agreements 结果 Results: • 2001-2002：目标为600万吨CO2,实际降低1640万吨CO2 2001-2002: target 6.0 MtCO2, actual reductions of 16.4 MtCO2 • 2003-2004：目标为550万吨CO2,实际降低1440万吨CO2。 2003-2004: target 5.5 MtCO2, actual reductions of 14.4 MtCO2 • 2005-2006：目标为910万吨CO2,实际降低1640万吨CO2。 2005-2006: target 9.1 MtCO2, actual reductions 16.4 MtCO2 • 这比预期要好，是因为工业领域低估了他们能够通过提高能耗实现的减排量。 Sectors did better than expected because industry underestimated what they could achieve via energy efficiency • 工业能够实现每年节约8亿3千2百万美元，是因为达到了英国气候变化协议的目标。此外，还有通过气候变化税所实现的节能。 Industry is saving over $832 M/year on the energy it has not bought as a result of meeting the CCA targets, in addition to the savings on the Climate Change Levy itself

15. 美国EPA工业能源之星U.S. EPA Energy Star for Industry • 美国政府部门的自愿项目，旨在通过提高能效，帮助生产商保护环境 Voluntary U.S. government program that helps manufacturers protect the environment through superior energy efficiency • 超过450合作公司，涉及工业各个领域 Over 450 partner companies in a wide range of industries • 为能源管理者提供能源管理信息 Provides energy management resources for energy managers • 促进信息共享、网络和共识 Promotes sharing of ideas, networking & recognition • 能源指南－为企业和能源管理者提供技术评价报告 Energy Guidebooks - technical opportunities assessment report for plant and energy managers • 企业能源性能指标，以同能效进行对标 Energy performance indicator for enterprises to “benchmark” energy efficiency

16. 美国EPA工业能源之星-能源指南U.S. EPA Energy Star for Industry- Energy Guides • 工业概况 Industry overview • 工艺描述 Process description • 能耗概要 Energy use summary • 提高能效机会 Energy efficiency opportunities • 技术或实践的简要概述 Brief overview of technology or practice • 应用的局限性（如果有） Limitations on applicability (if any) • 典型的节能量 Typical energy savings • 典型的简单回收期 Typical simple payback period • 工业实际应用的案例数据 Case study data from real-world industrial applications • 出版物未来信息的参考 References to further information in the public domain

17. 美国EPA工业能源之星-能源指南U.S. EPA Energy Star for Industry- Energy Guides • 主要为企业和能源管理者提供书面的材料 • Written specifically for plant and energy managers • 由工业专业人员和专家评审 • Reviewed by industry professionals and experts • 指南目标 Goals of the guides • 减少信息障碍 Reduce information barriers • 能源和节能量化 Quantify energy and savings • 评价提高节能潜力机会的清单 Checklist of potential efficiency opportunities to be evaluated • 成为所选择的措施进行更详细分析的起点 Starting point for more detailed analysis of selected measures • 突出工业成功的案例 Highlight industry success stories

18. 工业能效技术和措施Energy-Efficiency Technologies for Industry • 美国EPA能源之星的工业项目 US EPA Energy Star for Industry Program (with # of measures for each) • 汽车装配：93 Auto assembly: 93 • 酿造：45 Breweries: 45 • 水泥：40 Cement: 40 • 玉米加工：95 Corn Refining: 95 • 食品加工：150 Food processing: 150 • 玻璃：114 Glass: 114 • 石化：100 Petrochemicals: 100 • 石油炼制：90 Petroleum refining: 90 • 医药：102 Pharmaceuticals: 102 • 纸浆和造纸（在进行中） Pulp and Paper (ongoing)

19. 美国能源部工业技术项目U.S. DOE Industrial Technologies Program • 能源审计：“现在节能项目” • Energy Audits: Save Energy Now Program • 完成543个评价项目543 assessments completed • 到2008年6月2日，452家工厂的报告如下： As of June 2, 2008, 452 plants have reported the following: • 确定的节约能源成本：超过7亿6千6百万美元 Identified energy cost savings: more than $766 million • 实施的节能：超过1亿1千3百万美元 Implemented energy savings: more than $113 million • 正在进行中的或预计中的节能措施：超过3亿6百万美元 Energy savings measures underway or scheduled: more than $305 million • 每个审计所达到的节能：250万美元 Amount saved per audit $2.5 million • 总共降低潜在的CO2排放量：660万吨， 相当于120万辆车的排放量 Total potential carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions reduction:6.6 million metric tons—the equivalent to taking nearly 1.2 million cars off the road

20. 工业(能源) 评估中心U.S. DOE Industrial Assessment Centers • 由高校专家为基础组成的专业技术团队为符合条件的中小型企业提供免费/无费能源评估服务 No-cost assessments provided to eligible small and mid-size plants by university-basedteams • 将能源、消耗和生产能力相结合考虑，制定解决方案 Integrated approach considers energy, waste, and productivity

21. 工业(能源) 评估中心U.S. DOE Industrial Assessment Centers • 依托公认的工程学院建立了26个评估中心 26 centers located at accredited engineering schools • 技术团队由教师和学生组成 Assessment teams include faculty and students • 评估工作通常需要实施为期一天的现场访问 Assessments usually entail a one-day site visit • 为学生提供良好的锻炼机会 Good training for students

22. 美国能源部能源工具U.S. Department of Energy Tools • 电力系统需求侧管理模式，以确定提高能效机会 • 使用工厂自己的数据 • 评价不同设备和系统状况的运行成本 • 提供预测的不同能效措施的节能潜力和计算相关的简单回收期 • Model the supply-side of a utility systems to identify efficiency improvement opportunities • Use plant-specific data • Evaluate the operational costs for various equipment configurations and system profiles • Provide estimates of potential savings gained from selected energy efficiency measures and calculates the associated simple payback periods

23. 美国能源部的能源工具U.S. Department of Energy Tools • AIRMaster+ • Combined Heat and Power (CHP) • Fan System Assessment Tool (FSAT) • MotorMaster+ • NOx and Energy Assessment (NxEAT) • Process Heating Assessment and Survey Tool (PHAST) • Quick Plant Energy Profiler (PEP) • Steam Systems • AIRMaster+ • 热电联产 • 风机系统评价工具 • 电机 • 氮氧化物和能源评价 • 工艺热评价和调查工具 • 快速了解企业能源概况 • 蒸汽系统

24. 荷兰能源环境署：中国的范例？SenterNovem: Model for China? • 荷兰能源环境署是一个政府机构，它的目标是将政府政策转化为实际结果 • SenterNovem is a government agency whose goal is to convert government policy into reality • 一个重点领域就是能源和气候变化 • One area of concentration is Energy and Climate Change • 所提供的服务有： • Services: • 获得并传播知识 Acquiring and disseminating knowledge • 建设并维护知识网络 Building and maintaining knowledge networks • 监测 Monitoring • 开发政策工具 Developing policy instruments • 为政策及其执行提供建议 Advising on policy and implementation • 实施补贴计划 Implementing subsidy schemes

25. 荷兰能源环境署：中国的范例？SenterNovem: Model for China? • 项目 Projects: • 在中型和小型企业中进行对标和能源管理计划 • Benchmarking and Energy Management Schemes in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises • 传播 “电动机挑战计划” 的结果 • Dissemination Results of the Motor Challenge Programme • 监督长期能效协议的执行 Overseeing the Long-Term Agreements • 列出能效技术的名单 Energy-efficient technologies list • 帮助制定节能计划 Assistance developing Energy Conservation Plans • 构建客户群体和知识网络 User groups and knowledge networks • 提供软件支持工具 Software support tools • 扩展主题：能效产品（包括生命周期）及纳入可回收能源 • Expansion themes: energy-efficient products (including life cycle) and incorporation of renewable energy • 能源管理系统 • Energy Management Systems

26. 建议Recommendations • 在提高工业能效方面，继续建立具有激励机制的政策和方案 • Continue to establish policies and programs that provide incentives for industrial energy efficiency • 差别定价，节能奖励，促销活动等 • Differential pricing, energy-saving rewards, promotions, etc. • 考虑对燃料或电进行收费，为能效改进项目提供资金 • Consider fuel or electricity charges to generate funds for energy efficiency programs • 新的想法可以在省级政策和项目上进行试点 • Provincial-level policies and programs can be pilots for new ideas • 扩大能源审计和能源对标的容量和范围 • Expand capacity for energy auditing and benchmarking • 促进推广能源管理系统的使用 • Promote the use of energy management systems

27. 建议Recommendations • 为工业能源效率建立一个集中的信息和培训中心 • Establish a centralized source of information and training for industrial energy efficiency • 吸纳国际经验，案例和工具 • Incorporate international experience, case studies, tools • 传播国内（省级）经验和教训 • Spread domestic (provincial) experiences and lessons learned • 开发利用针对具体领域的资源 Develop sector-specific resources • 重点放在能量密集型及小型/中型企业上 • Focus on energy-intensive and small/medium sized enterprises • 建立一个中文/英文网站，提供信息，介绍国际上在提高工业能效方面的经验 • Develop a Chinese/English-language website to provide information on international experience with industrial energy efficiency • 学习借鉴国际经验 Learn from international experience • 进行相关的研究考察和交流活动 Conduct study tours and exchanges • 在中国国内，通过国际项目进行合作 Coordinate with international programs within China • 告诉世界中国的经历和所取得的成就 • Inform the world about China’s experience and accomplishments

28. 资料Resources • 荷兰能源环境署（SenterNovem）The Netherlands’s SenterNovem Agency for Energy and Environment http://www.senternovem.nl/english/index.asp • 英国碳基金 UK’s Carbon Trust http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/energy • 美国环保局工业能源之星 US EPA’s Energy Star for Industry http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=industry.bus_industry • 美国能源部工业技术最佳实践项目 U.S. DOE Office of Industrial Technologies Best Practice Program http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/bestpractices/ • 美国能源部“现在节能”项目 U.S. DOE’s Save Energy Now www.eere.energy.gov/industry/saveenergynow • 美国能源部工业评价中心数据库 U.S. DOE Industrial Assessment Center (IAC) database http://www.iac.rutgers.edu/database/

29. 联系信息For Further Information LBNL中国能源与环境研究网址： LBNL China Group Website: http://china.lbl.gov LBNL工业终端用能分析网址： LBNL Industrial End Use Analysis Website: http://industrial-energy.lbl.gov/ Lynn Price 中国能源与环境研究 能源分析处， 环境能源技术室 劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室 China Energy Group Energy Analysis Department Environmental Energy Technologies Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road, MS 90R4000 Berkeley, CA 94720 510-486-6519 LKPrice@lbl.gov