The Age of Exploration

1. The Age of Exploration

2. The biggest reasons for the Age of Exploration: “The 3G Theory” • Desire for spices, and the profit from selling and trading them. Expanding economies of Europe and increased trade in Asia, led to the need for new raw materials. (GOLD) • Competition between European powers. The Desire to be first to explore and conquer new places for their country (GLORY) • To diffuse (spread) Christianity Protestantism (England + Holland) Catholicism (Spain, Portugal + France). (GOD)

3. What is the Spice Trade? What is its importance?

4. The search for spices • During the Middle Ages, the Crusaders who fought the Muslims in the Middle East learned of spices, and brought them back to Europe. • The Europeans wanted cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg, and most of all pepper to spice and preserve meat, make perfume(s). • The chief source of spices was the Moluccas (in modern day Indonesia) which they called the Spice Islands.

5. The Muslim Situation • Europeans wanted spices. • Following the fall of Constantinople (it became Istanbul), Europe no longer had their “gateway to the East.” • Trading over land was expensive and dangerous. • Muslims and Italian sailors controlled the trade by sea. • Other European sailing powers (Spain and Portugal) wanted in on the riches of the spice trade, but had to find a way to get there.

6. What is Technology? • How does Technology aid in exploration during the 15th century?

7. Improved technology leads to better sailing techniques… • European cartographers (mapmakers) created much better maps and charts of the sea and its currents. • Europeans mastered the use of the astrolabe, an instrument developed by the Greeks and mastered by the Muslims, to determine their latitude at sea. • The caravel, a ship that combined European body styles with Muslim triangular sails and Chinese rudders, made ships much faster and able to travel farther.

8. What do you know about Portugal, Spain as `Great Explorer Empire?’ • Name any Portuguese and Spanish explorers that you know

9. Portugal • By the 1400s, Portugal was strong enough to expand into Muslim controlled North Africa. • Prince Henry, known as “Henry the Navigator,” hoping to spread Christianity and find Muslim gold, began a school for cartographers, sailors and captains at Sagres.

10. Portugal (continued) • In 1487, Bartolomeu Diaz, rounded the southern tip of Africa. He ended the myth that the sea was full of monsters, and it gave hope to those who wished to sail to India. He named the tip of Africa the “Cape of Good Hope.”

11. Bartolomeu Diaz Cape of Good Hope

12. Portugal • In 1497, Vasco da Gama led four ships around the southern tip of Africa, and on his next voyage, made it to the port of Calicut, in western India. • The spices he brought back sold at 3000% of the money he put into it. • His sailors paid a heavy price, they discovered scurvy, a disease caused by lack of vitamin C.

13. Vasco da Gama

14. Spain • An Italian sailor from Genoa wished to sail for Portugal. He had an idea that since the world was round, a relatively new concept at the time, that if he sailed westward, that he would reach India faster. His name was Christopher Columbus. • Portugal refused to sponsor him, so he got help from the Spanish King Ferdinand and his wife Isabella, who were famous for expelling the Muslim Moors from Spain.

15. Ferdinand and Isabella sponsor the voyages of Columbus.

16. Spain • Columbus made two huge errors: • Underestimating the size of the world greatly • Not knowing that two continents lay in his way • He had three ships… the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria. He sailed west and ran into the islands of the Caribbean. Since he thought he was in the Indies, he called the people he found there “Indians.”

17. Naming the “New World” • In 1507 a German cartographer read reports of a “new world” written by an Italian sailor named Amerigo Vespucci. He labeled the region “America” after Vespucci. The region that Columbus had found became known as the West Indies.

18. Circumnavigating the Globe • In 1519, a minor Portuguese noble named Ferdinand Magellan set out from Spain with five ships and hundreds of men. • He discovered the Strait of Magellan, and sailed into the Pacific –he named it because it means “peaceful”- Ocean. • He faced several mutinies, and was murdered in the Philippines. • In1522, one ship and 18 sailors returned to Spain, and were credited with being the first to sail all the way around the globe, or circumnavigate it

19. Voyage of Magellan

20. Francis Drake • Eager to get into the race for new land and glory, Queen Elizabeth sends out explorer Sir Francis Drake, who becomes the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe.

21. Sir Francis Drake

22. Trade in Asia • Colonization was done by small groups of merchants who obtained the rights from the monarch. • Dutch East India Company • British, Portuguese, and Dutch trading companies invest heavily in trade in the east.

23. Portugal Builds an Eastern Empire • Recall: Portugal was a leader in explorations to the Spice Island and Africa • How and why did the Portuguese begin exploration in Africa? • Predict the impact the Portuguese might have in Asia.

24. Portuguese Travel East • After da Gama, the Portuguese, under Afonso de Albuquerque’s command, set off to control the Indian Ocean. • By that time, Muslim rulers had established the Mughal empire throughout much of India. • The Portuguese hoped to end Muslim power and turn the Indian Ocean into a “Portuguese Lake”.

25. Portugal gets their Lake House • After establishing a base on the island of Goa, Albuquerque burned coastal towns and crushed Arab fleets at sea, massacring many Muslims. • For most of the 1500s Portugal controlled the spice trade between Europe and Asia.

26. Portuguese in Malacca

27. Portuguese in Malacca 1511 • 1509 King Manuel ordered Lopez de Sequiera to • Get a port in Malacca. Warmly welcomed. • Sultan instigated by Gujerati merchants, captured the Portuguese. Lopez de Sequiera escaped to Goa. • Alfonso de Albuquerque, Viceroy of Goa, arrived in Malacca. Made 3 demands - free the captives - pay compensation - establish a Portuguese trading port

28. Portuguese in Malacca • Sultan refused to give in. • Launched 3 attacks. 24 August 1511 Malacca fell to the Portuguese.

29. Port of Malacca as drawn by the Portuguese

30. Why did Portuguese capture Malacca?

31. Why Portuguese wanted Malacca? • Wanted to monopolize the spice trade in the east. Spices in demand in Europe to preserve food and add to taste. Muslim traders brought spices to Genoa and Venice and then sold to European traders. Spices were very expensive • Portuguese would benefit greatly if they took control of Malacca. Tax could be collected from the traders.

32. Why Portuguese wanted Malacca? • Portuguese enemies of Muslims. Long history of fighting with the Muslims during the Crusades (12th century). Portuguese lost. Wanted to curb and if possible stop the spread of Islam. Malacca was centre of Islam in the east. Wanted to spread Christianity. • Prince Henry encouraged navigation and finding of sea routes to the east. Expansion of territories considered a symbol of pride. Malacca would be a stepping stone to spreading their influence in the east. • If Portuguese did not other European powers (Spain, Italy, Dutch) would do so.

33. Bottom line • GOLD • GOSPEL • GLORY

34. Why Malacca • Strategic location between India and China. • Controlled the spice trade of the east. Destination for traders from the Middle east, India, China and the Malay Archipelago. • Deep harbour. Can become their stronghold and base to spread influence and build an empire in the east. • Can stop Malacca’s role as centre for propagating Islam. Can spread Christianity • If Portuguese did not make the attempt others would do so.

35. What were the reasons for Portuguese Victory in Malacca?

36. Reasons for Portuguese Victory • Advanced weapons • Foreign traders helped them • Albuquerque an excellent leader with good • Fighting strategies

37. Why Malacca fell • Weakness in administration. • No capable successors after Tun Perak. • Tun Putih was old and inefficient. • Tun Mutahir of Tamil descent and not popular. He favoured the Tamil Muslims. Important positions given to them. • Angered the Malays. • Sultan Mahmud weak. Left administration of country in the hands of his young son, Raja Ahmad.

38. Why Malacca Fell? • Disunity among the people an important contributing factor. • Rivalry between the Malays and Indian Muslims because of favouritism practised by Tun Mutahir. • Foreign traders betrayed Malacca by providing information about Malacca’s defences

39. Why Malacca Fell • Weak defence system. • Malacca’s army consisted of paid soldiers from Java. Abandoned Malacca when they found Malacca losing. • Not experienced and lacked training. • Traditional weapons used compared to modern weapons of the Portuguese. • Territories under Malacca did not help. Tried to free themselves from Malacca.

40. Why Malacca Fell • Sultan and officers corrupted. • High taxes imposed on non Muslim traders. Moved to other ports in Southeast Asia (Acheh, Batavia). Tax collection not uniform. Different for different group of traders. Tax collected did not go into a common treasury.

41. Why Malacca Fell • Portuguese superiority openly obvious. • Well-equipped with modern weapons • well-trained and experienced army • Had knowledge of Malacca’s defences • Had effective battle strategies • obtained information about Malacca’s defences from the foreign traders • Alfonso very good leader and experienced

42. Counter Attacks from Malacca • Sultan fled to Pagoh, Muar, Bintang, Pahang • Launched 3 attacks on Portuguese (1515-1519). Failed. Continued by blocking food supply to Malacca by surrounding Malacca by land and water • 1526 Portuguese attacked and destroyed Sultan Mahmud’s fortress in Bintang • 1528 Sultan Mahmud fled to Kampar and died there • His 2 sons carried on attacking Malacca.

43. Melacca’s fall gave Portugal the control over the main Asia main trade routes

44. Portuguese Administration • Military in nature • Administration • headed by Captain of Malacca Fort • Aided by deputy captain • Local People Administration under Bendahara, Temenggung and Syahbandar. Power very limited. • Portuguese in Malacca for 130 years. Not much impact left. Involved in a triangular war with Johore and Acheh.

45. Impact of Portuguese Administration • Malacca’s empire dismantled • Christianity widely spread-catholic faith • Trading system fell into the hands of Portuguese • New sultanates emerged – Acheh, Johore • Roman writing introduced • Portuguese culture incorporated in Malay culture-Joget dance, Jingling Nona song which have added to contemperory Malaysia’s plurality • Intermarriages with local people-Eurasian community

46. Impact of Portuguese Administration • Fortification of Malacca and other architectural remains which continues to be the relics until now.

47. Portugal’s Weakness • Despite their sea power, Portugal lacked resources and failed to make inroads into the region. • Portuguese attacked Muslims and destroyed Hindu temples in attempt to convert Asians to Christianity

48. Rise of the Dutch • The Dutch were the first Europeans to challenge Portuguese domination of Asian trade. • With a strategic settlement at Cape Town, the Dutch had a secure foothold in the region. The Dutch Oven: Practical Cookware, Funny Sleeping Habit

49. The Dutch East India Company -joint stock company -still exists today

50. A Powerful Dutch Company • In the early 1600s, a group of wealthy Dutch Merchants formed the Dutch East India Company (DEIC). • Unlike Portuguese and Spanish traders, the DEIC had full sovereign powers.